chapter 27

Question 1

weathering

Answer 1

the process the invloves th physical or chemical of materials on the earths surface

Question 2

soil

Answer 2

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

Question 3

erosion

Answer 3

the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

Question 4

weathering definition

Answer 4

the process that invloves physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earth’s surface

Question 5

do rocks weather at the same rate?

Answer 5

no they weather different

Question 6

what are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

Answer 6

rock types

landscape

Question 7

what are the two types of weathering?

Answer 7

mechanical weathering and chemical weathering

Question 8

what type of changes happens with mechanical weathering?

Answer 8

has physical changes

Question 9

what type of change happens with chemical weathering?

Answer 9

what chemical changes

Question 10

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering?

Answer 10

frost wedging
biological activity
collisions

Question 11

what causes frost wedging?

Answer 11

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

Question 12

what is the cycle called during collisions?

Answer 12

“Freeze-Thaw Cycles”

Question 13

what causes weathering during collisions?

Answer 13

when rocks fall from cliff

Question 14

soil definition

Answer 14

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that is capable of supporting plant life

Question 15

what is parent material?

Answer 15

what soil is made from

Question 16

what are the 2 types of chemical weathering caused by?

Answer 16

oxygen and water

Question 17

what is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen?

Question 18

what is the chemical process called that is called by water?

Answer 18

hydrolysis

Question 19

what are soil horizons?

Answer 19

all the different layersof soil

Question 20

how many soil horizons are there?

Answer 20

6

Question 21

true or false: all soils contain every soil horizon

Answer 21

false

Question 22

what are the specific soil horizons?

Answer 22

O A E B C R

Question 23

what does the first soil horizon contain?

Answer 23

organic material

Question 24

what is the second horizon mostly made up of?

Answer 24

minerals

Question 25

what layer does leaching occur?

Answer 25

E

Question 26

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

Answer 26

B

Question 27

which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

Answer 27

C

Question 28

which layer is unweathered bedrock?

Answer 28

R

Question 29

which soil horizons makeup the topsoil?

Answer 29

O and A

Question 30

which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

Answer 30

E and B

Question 31

On which side of a sand dune does erosion occur?

Answer 31

windward

Question 32

which side is deposition occur?

Answer 32

leeward

Question 33

what is deflation?

Answer 33

the removal of small paticles by eind, leaving heavier particles behind

Question 34

what is desert pavement?

Answer 34

when small particles are removed

Question 35

what are 3 landforms that are created due to wave erosion?

Answer 35

coastal cliffs, sea stacks, sea arches

Question 36

what are two lamd forms created by wave deposition?

Answer 36

sand bars and sand spits

Question 37

infiltration

Answer 37

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater above the surface

Question 38

aquifer

Answer 38

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

Question 39

water table

Answer 39

the upper boundary ofthe saturated zone

Question 40

porosity

Answer 40

infiltrationoccurs as water passes through the pore spaces in sediments and rock

Question 41

absolute dating

Answer 41

the process of assigning an exact numerical age to organism, and object, or an event.

Question 42

relative dating

Answer 42

the process of placing objects or events in theirproper order time

Question 43

uniformitarianism

Answer 43

states that law of nature operate today as they have in the past

Question 44

principle of superposition

Answer 44

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimetary rock layers the youngest rocks willbe at the topand the oldest rocks will be onthe bottom

Question 45

uncomformities

Answer 45

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent

Question 46

fossils

Answer 46

the remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record

Question 47

what % of water on Earth is salt water?

Answer 47

2

Question 48

what % of water on Earth is freshwater?

Answer 48

1

Question 49

where is the majority of freshwater found?

Answer 49

glaciers

Question 50

what is the smallest % of saltwater found in?

Answer 50

found in lakes rivers and stored in ground as water

Question 51

what is precipitation?

Answer 51

when water vapor in the air cools or condenses to form liquid or ice crystals

Question 52

what is runoff?

Answer 52

water running off the land surface

Question 53

what is infiltration?

Answer 53

the process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

Question 54

what is transpiration?

Answer 54

when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

Question 55

what is evaporation?

Answer 55

when water enters the atnosphere as water vapor

Question 56

what is condensation?

Answer 56

when water vapor collides with other watver vapor molecules to form other droplets

Question 57

what is the water cycle?

Answer 57

precipitation, runoff, infiltration, transpiration, evaporation, condensation

Question 58

what is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

Answer 58

a porous area where water easily passes through

Question 59

what is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?

Answer 59

beneath the unsaturated zones, where water complete;y fills the pore space

Question 60

what is a water table?

Answer 60

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

Question 61

wat does is it mean if sediment is permearable?

Answer 61

the more water easily infiltrate through the ground

Question 62

what is an aquifer?

Answer 62

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

Question 63

what is the name of the great plains aquifer?

Answer 63

Ogallala Aquifer

Question 64

how many states does the great plains aquifer run through?

Answer 64

8

Question 65

what are the names of the sates that the great plains aquifer runs through?

Answer 65

South Dakota, Wyomming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas

Question 66

what is an aquitard?

Answer 66

an impremiable layer that confines water

Question 67

how are water springs formed?

Answer 67

where water table naturally meets earth's surface

Question 68

what is an artesian well?

Answer 68

wells drilled into pressurized aquifers

Question 69

what is a cone of depression?

Answer 69

the direction that the water flows down towards the well