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Physical Science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

What is weathering?

A

Weathering is the process that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on Earth’s surface.

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2
Q

What is erosion ?

A

Erosion is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering.

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3
Q

What is sediment transport ?

A

Sediment transport is when water, ice, wind, and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another

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4
Q

What is deposition?

A

When the erosional agent slows down (in the case of water, wind, or gravity) or melts (in the case of glaciers), it drops this sediment

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5
Q

What is a drainage basin ?

A

The land area that gathers water for a major river

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6
Q

What is longshore current?

A

The movement of water parallel to the shoreline

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7
Q

What is weathering ?

A

The process of of physical or chemical breakdown of materials at or near Earth’s surface

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8
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate ?

A

No

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9
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather ?

A

The nature of the material being weathered and climate

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10
Q

What are the two types of weathering ?

A

Mechanical and Chemical Weathering

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11
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering ?

A

Physical Changes

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12
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering ?

A

Chemical Changes

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13
Q

What are the three specific types of mechanical weathering ?

A

Frost Wedging, Biological Activity, Collisions

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14
Q

What causes frost wedging ?

A

When water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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15
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging ?

A

Freeze - Thaw Cycles

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16
Q

What causes biological activity ?

A

Plant and animal activity

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17
Q

What causes weathering during collision ?

A

When rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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18
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by ?

A

Oxygen and Water

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19
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by oxygen ?

A

Oxidization

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20
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water ?

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is parent material ?

A

The material from which soil forms

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22
Q

What are soil horizons ?

A

The different layers of soil

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23
Q

How many soil horizons are there ?

A

Six

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24
Q

True or False. All soils contain every soil horizon ?

A

False

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25
Q

What are the specific soil horizon ?

A

O , A , E , B, C, R, Horizons

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26
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain ?

A

organic material

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27
Q

What is the second horizon mostly made up of ?

A

Mostly Minerals

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28
Q

Which layer does leaching occur ?

A

Horizon E

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29
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons ?

A

Horizon B

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30
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock ?

A

Horizon C

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31
Q

Which layer is unweathered bedrock ?

A

Horizon R

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32
Q

Which soil horizons make up the topsoil ?

A
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33
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil ?

A
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34
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil ?

A

O,A,E,B

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35
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion ?

A

Weathering is the process that involves the physical breakdown of materials while erosion is the removal of surface material.

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36
Q

If a the slope of a river decreases what will happen to the speed of the river ?

A

The river’s speed will decrease

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37
Q

Small streams that flow into large river are called _______

A

Tributaries

38
Q

What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river ?

A

Drainage Basin

38
Q

What is the land area called that gathers water for a major river ?

A

Drainage Basin

39
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a ___________ ?

A

Drainage Divide

40
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity and water erodes the Earth’s surface creating what ?

A

Channels

41
Q

What shape are young river due to their fast movement ?

A

V - shaped

42
Q

What kind of rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes ?

A

Mature

43
Q

What type of land form is created when rivers floods and drops their sediment load ?

A

Floodplains

44
Q

What is a fan - shaped that forms at a mouth of a river called ?

A

Deltas

45
Q

What are distributaries ?

A

Branching channels created by deltas

46
Q

What is a delta ?

A

A delta is a land form that forms at the mouth of a river

47
Q

What is formed when the mouth of a river or stream enters dry land ?

A

Alluvial Fans

48
Q

What are two types of glaciers ?

A

Valley and Continental

49
Q

Where do valley glaciers form ?

A

High, Mountainous regions

50
Q

Where do continental glaciers form ?

A

In large land areas in colder climates

51
Q

Where are the two continental glaciers located ?

A

In Greenland and Antarctica

52
Q

What is a cirque ?

A

A Bowl Shaped basins

53
Q

What is an arete ?

A

Long, sharp ridge line between valley glaciers

54
Q

What is a horn in a mountainous region ?

A

Sharpened Peak

55
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form ?

A

U - shaped

56
Q

What are tributary glaciers ?

A

Small glaciers that feed into the large glaciers

57
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form ?

A

Hanging valleys

58
Q

Define Infiltration :

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface.

59
Q

Define Water Table

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone .

60
Q

Define Aquifer :

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space.

61
Q

Define porosity :

A

The percentage of the material’s total volume that is pore space.

62
Q

Define Absolute Dating :

A

The process of assigning an exact numerical age to an organism, an object, or an event.

63
Q

Define relative dating :

A

The process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time.

64
Q

Define Uniformitarianism

A

States that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

65
Q

Define principles of superposition

A

States that in an undisputed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and oldest rocks will be at the bottom.

66
Q

Define Uncomformities :

A

They are gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occured or deposition was absent.

67
Q

Define Fossils :

A

The remains or traces of organisms found in the geologic rock record.

68
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is salt water ?

A

97 percent

69
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater ?

A

3 percent

70
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found ?

A

Glaciers

71
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found ?

A

Lakes, river

72
Q

What is precipitation ?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals. Examples of this include rain, snow, sleet, and hail

73
Q

What is runoff ?

A

Water running off the land surface

74
Q

What is infiltration ?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

75
Q

What is transpiration ?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

76
Q

What is evaporation ?

A

When water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

77
Q

What is condensation ?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

78
Q

What is the water cycle ?

A

When water evaporates and returns back the land

79
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage ?

A

A porous area where water easily passes through

80
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage ?

A

Where water completely fills the pore space

81
Q

What is a water table ?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone.

82
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable ?

A

The more permeable the material is the easier water can infiltrate through the ground.

83
Q

What is an aquifer ?

A

An aquifer is a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

84
Q

What is the name of the Great Plain Aquifer ?

A

Known as the Ogallala Aquifer

85
Q

How many states does the Great Plain Aquifer run through ?

A

8 states

86
Q

What are the names of the states that the Great Plains Aquifer run through ?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

87
Q

What is an aquitard ?

A

An aquitard is a poorly permeable underground layer that limits the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another

88
Q

How are water springs formed ?

A

When the water table naturally meets Earth’s surface

89
Q

What is an artesian well ?

A

Wells that are drilled into pressurized aquifers

90
Q

What is a cone of depression ?

A

The direction that the water flows is directed down toward the well, creating a cone of depression

Physical Science (6 decks)

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