Chapter 27

Question 1

prevents freshwater single-celled eukaryotes from lysing when water enters the cell by osmosis

Answer 1

contractile vacuoles

Question 2

digest prey or other organic material engulfed by the cells

Answer 2

food vacuoles

Question 3

a layer of supportive protein fibers located inside the cell, just under the plasma membrane, provides strength and flexibility instead of a cell wall

Answer 3

pellicle

Question 4

one or more lobes of cytoplasm that when extended, help single-celled eukaryotes move by amoeboid motion(“false feet”)

Answer 4

pseudopodia

Question 5

photosynthetic small eukaryotes carried around passively by water currents

Answer 5

phytoplankton

Question 6

small eukaryotes carried around passively by water currents that are not photosynthetic

Answer 6

zooplankton

Question 7

a level of classification below domain but above kingdom

Answer 7

supergroup

Question 8

original event that led to the evolution of the first chloroplasts

Answer 8

primary endosymbiosis

Question 9

event in which photosynthesis evolved in other branches of eukaryotes by endosymbiosis not of cyanobacteria, but of green or red algae

Answer 9

secondary endosymbiosis

Question 10

chemotrophs; feed by phagocytosis or secreting enzymes that break down macromolecules; cell membranes not reinforced by cell walls or pellicles or cell walls to protect all cells or specific cell types; single-celled, colonial or multicellular; free-living or parasitic; marine, freshwater, terrestrial

Answer 10

amorphea

Question 11

single-celled eukaryote; moves by means of temporary cellular projections called pseudopods; evolved independently in several groups of eukaryotes

Answer 11

amoeba

Question 12

a type of amoeba; includes cellular and plasmodial slime molds; all members use pseudopods for locomotion and feeding

Answer 12

amoebozoa

Question 13

chemotrophic eukaryotes that exist as single amoeboid cells during parts of their life cycle; live on moist, rotting plant material

Answer 13

slime molds

Question 14

fungus-like, stalked structure that forms spores by either asexual or sexual reproduction

Answer 14

fruiting body

Question 15

slime molds that exist primarily as individual cells, either separately or as a coordinated mass

Answer 15

cellular slime molds

Question 16

slime molds that exist primarily as a large mass of cytoplasm

Answer 16

plasmodial slime molds

Question 17

a large mass of cytoplasm in which many individual nuclei are surrounded by a single plasma membrane

Answer 17

plasmodium

Question 18

include animals, fungi, and related organisms; have a single flagellum at the posterior pole of their cells at some stage of their life cycle

Answer 18

opisthokonta

Question 19

chemotrophic, predominantly spherical amoebas with radiating, fine pseudopods not supported by microtubules

Answer 19

nucleariidae

Question 20

a collar of closely packed microvilli that surrounds a single flagellum

Answer 20

choanoflagellata

Question 21

consist of Rhodophyta(red algae), Chlorophyta(green algae), and land plants(compromise kingdom Plantae)

Answer 21

Archaeplastida

Question 22

consist of about 4,000 known species, most of which small marine seaweeds

Answer 22

Rhodophyta (red algae)

Question 23

extract used as moisture-preserving, inert agent in cosmetics and baked goods, setting agent for jellies & desserts, solidifying agent for culture medium in lab

Answer 23

agar

Question 24

extract from red algae Eucheuma; used to thicken and stabilize paints, dairy products such as pudding and ice cream

Answer 24

Carrageenan

Question 25

phototrophs that use the same photosynthetic pigments as plants

Answer 25

Chlorophyta (green algae)

Question 26

green algae more closely related to plants than to other green algae

Answer 26

charophytes

Question 27

a fuel produced from a living organism that can be acquired by extracting their lipids

Answer 27

biofuel

Question 28

group that include algae and fungus-like chemotrophs; have two different flagella: one with hollow tripartite projections that give flagellum a "hairy" appearance and a second one that is plain

Answer 28

Stramenopila

Question 29

funguslike stramenopiles that lack chloroplasts and live as chemotrophs (water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews)

Answer 29

Oomycota

Question 30

microscopic, nonmotile filaments that Oomycota grows on

Answer 30

hyphae

Question 31

a network of hyphae

Answer 31

mycelium

Question 32

single-celled organisms that are covered by a glassy silica shell

Answer 32

Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

Question 33

mostly are colonial forms in which each cell of the colony bears a pair of flagella; glassy shells in forms of plates or scales; nearly all phototrophs; color is due to brownish carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin masking green color of chlorophylls

Answer 33

Chrysophyta (golden algae)

Question 34

photosynthetic phototrophs that range from microscopic forms to giant kelps; color from fucoxanthin

Answer 34

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Question 35

large structures recognized as kelps and other brown seaweeds that give rise to haploid spores by meiosis

Answer 35

sporophytes

Question 36

the extracted alginic acid in brown algal cell walls; an essentially tasteless and nontoxic substances used to thicken diverse products

Answer 36

algin

Question 37

have small, flattened, membrane-bound vesicles in a layer just below the plasma membrane

Answer 37

alveolates

Question 38

two motile, primarily free-living groups included in the alveolata

Answer 38

Ciliophora & Dinoflagellata

Question 39

a nonmotile, parasitic group

Answer 39

Apicomplexa

Question 40

include nearly 10,000 known species of primarily single-celled but highly complex chemotrophic organisms that swim by means of cilia; contained in essentially any sample of pond water or bottom mud

Answer 40

Ciliophora (ciliates)

Question 41

a diploid nucleus that contains a complete complement of genes

Answer 41

micronucleus

Question 42

develop from a micronucleus, but lose all genes except those required for basic "housekeeping" functions of the cell; remaining DNA sequences are duplicated many times, greatly increasing cell's capacity to transcribe rRNAs needed to make ribosomes & mRNAs coding for proteins that cell needs in large quantities

Answer 42

macronucleus

Question 43

form a cytoplasmic bridge between two cells, recombining their genetic information by exchanging micronuclei

Answer 43

conjugate

Question 44

surface organelles that discharge dartlike protein threads when ciliates are under attack or otherwise stressed

Answer 44

trichocysts

Question 45

consists of over 4,000 known species, most of which are single-celled organisms in marine phytoplankton; live as chemotrophs or phototrophs; major primary producer of ocean ecosystems

Answer 45

Dinoflagellata

Question 46

being able to glow or release a flash or light, particularly when disturbed

Answer 46

bioluminescent

Question 47

results of dinoflagellate populations growing to such numbers they color the seas red, orange, or brown

Answer 47

red tides

Question 48

non-motile parasites of animals that absorb nutrients through their plasma membranes rather than engulfing food particles; lack food vacuoles

Answer 48

Apicomplexa

Question 49

single-celled amoebas with narrow, stiff pseudopodia

Answer 49

Rhizaria

Question 50

group of Rhizdarian that are distinguised by axopods: slender, raylike strands of cytoplasm supported internally by long bundles of microtubules

Answer 50

Radiolaria (radiolarians)

Question 51

group of Rhizaria that have shells consisting of organic matter reinforced by calcium carbonate

Answer 51

Foraminifera (forams)

Question 52

green, photosynthetic amoebas that engulf food; contain chlorophyll a and b; many filamentous pseudopodia extend from cell surface

Answer 52

Chlorarachniophyta (chlorarachniophytes)

Question 53

diverse group of single-celled organisms; most chemotrophs but some capable of photosynthesis; occupy marine and freshwater habitats; most free-living, some live as parasites or symbionts in guts of animal; a scooped out (excavated) feeding apparatus on ventral surface of cell

Answer 53

Excavata

Question 54

two major subgroups of the Excavata

Answer 54

Metamonada & Euglenozoa

Question 55

a sort of fin formed by a flagellum buried in a fold of the cytoplasm; allows parabasalids to move through thick and viscous fluids

Answer 55

undulating membrane

Question 56

include both phototrophs and chemotrophs; include about 1,800 species; almost all single-celled, highly motile cells that swim by means of flagella; functional mitochondria characterized by cristae(inner mitochondria membranes); most photosynthetic, some facultative chemotrophs

Answer 56

Euglenozoans

Question 57

a group of Euglenozoans; free-living eukaryotes with anterior flagella that pull cells through the water; inhabit freshwater ponds, streams, lakes; most phototrophs

Answer 57

Euglenids

Question 58

a group of Euglenozoans; chemotrophic cells that live as animal parasites; single mitochondrion containing a large DNA-protein deposit called kinetoplast

Answer 58

Kinetoplastids