Chapter 27

Question 1

What are the male and female gametes?

Answer 1

Sperm and ova

Question 2

Describe the pathway of sperm out of the body

Answer 2

Epididymis -> ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

Question 3

Name the function of the testes

Answer 3

to produce sperm

Question 4

Name the function of the seminal glands

Answer 4

produce viscous alkaline seminal fluid that nourishes sperm and neaturalizes acidity

Question 5

Name the function of the prostate

Answer 5

Secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid that enhances sperm motility and viability, helps liquefy semen after ejaculation, and contains enzymes (like PSA) that break down semen clots in the female reproductive tract

Question 6

Name the function of the bulbourethral glands

Answer 6

Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal to lubricate glans penis and neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra.

Question 7

Name the function of the epididymis

Answer 7

stores and matures sperm

Question 8

Name the function of the ductus deferens

Answer 8

transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.

Question 9

Name the function of the ejaculatory duct

Answer 9

transporting sperm from the ductus deferens and seminal fluid from the seminal vesicles into the urethra during ejaculation to form semen.

Question 10

Name the function of the urethra

Answer 10

Convey urine and semen

Question 11

What is semen composed of?

Answer 11

sperm cells from testes. seminal fluid from seminal vesicles, prostate fluid from prostate gland, bulbourethral fluid.

Question 12

About how many sperm are in 2-5 mL of semen?

Answer 12

40 million to 300 million sperm

Question 13

What is enclosed in the spermatic cord?

Answer 13

nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatics that supply testes

Question 14

What is the function of FSH and LH in the male reproductive system?

Answer 14

FSH- indirectly stimulates spermatogenesis by stimulating sustenocytes to release androgen-binding protein
LH- bind to interstitial endocrine cells, telling them to secrete testosterone

Question 15

In what part of the testes does sperm production occur?

Answer 15

seminiferous tubules

Question 16

What is the purpose of spermatogenesis and what does it do to the chromosome number?

Answer 16

do produce sperm. Half the chromosome number (23)

Question 17

How many chromosomes do sperm cells have?

Answer 17

23

Question 18

Name 1 function of testosterone

Answer 18

trigger spermatogenesis, sex organ maturation, development of secondary sex characteristics, libido.

Question 19

What part of the autonomic nervous system facilitates erection?

Answer 19

parasympathetic

Question 20

What part of the autonomic nervous system facilitates the release of sperm?

Answer 20

sympathetic

Question 21

Describe the function of the ovaries

Answer 21

produce ova and secrete female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone)

Question 22

Describe the function of the uterus

Answer 22

Receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovum

Question 23

Describe the function of the uterine tubes

Answer 23

receive ovulated oocyte and site of fertilization

Question 24

Describe the function of the vagina

Answer 24

Birth canal, passageway for menstrual flow, organ of copulation.

Question 25

What is oogenesis?

Answer 25

production of female gametes

Question 26

Where does fertilization occur in an ectopic pregnancy?

Answer 26

peritoneal cavity or distal uterine tube

Question 27

What causes PID?

Answer 27

Spread of infection from reproductive tract to peritoneal cavity

Question 28

What viruses cause cervical cancer?

Answer 28

STIs and HPV

Question 29

What cells do breast cancer arise from?

Answer 29

epithelial cells of smallest ducts

Question 30

What does metastasize mean?

Answer 30

cancer cells spread

Question 31

What are BRCA 1 and 2?

Answer 31

genes that produce proteins responsible for repairing damaged DNA, a mutation in these causes a high likelihood of breast cancer

Question 32

How is breast cancer diagnosed and treated?

Answer 32

self-examination and mammography. radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and drugs for estrogen-responsive cancers.

Question 33

Nondisjunction is caused by an abnormal distribution of ____?

Answer 33

sex chromosomes to gametes and can cause abnormalities in sexual and reproductive development

Question 34

Name 1 function of estrogen

Answer 34

promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary, exert anabolic affect on female reproductive tract, support growth spurts, induce secondary sex characteristics.

Question 35

Name 1 function of progesterone

Answer 35

promotes changes in cervical mucus, inhibits uterine motility during pregnancy, helps prepare breasts for lactation

Question 36

Describe the process of ovulation. What is released? When does it occur? What hormone triggers it?

Answer 36

Rising LH causes ovary wall to rupture and expel secondary oocyte to peritoneal cavity. Happens in between the follicular and luteal phase.

Question 37

What is the function of FSH and LH in the female reproductive system?

Answer 37

FSH- sestrogen release and follicle stimulation LH- faciliates ovulation and androgen release that leads to estrogen release

Question 38

What is the corpus luteum? What does it release and what happens to it when fertilization does not occur?

Answer 38

A temporary structure in the ovary that forms from the follicle after ovulation. Releases progesterone and estrogen. It degenerates into corpus albicans, also causing a decrease in progesterone levels, which causes the uterine lining to shed.

Question 39

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 39

Fallopian tubes

Question 40

What is the name of the innermost layer of the uterus and what happens to it if fertilization does not occur?

Answer 40

Endometrium. erodes.

Question 41

What layer of the uterus has smooth muscle and contracts during child birth?

Answer 41

Myometrium

Question 42

What occurs in the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle? (FOL) Include which hormones influence this process and how.

Answer 42

Follicular phase: first day of menstruation until ovulation. FSH causes Primary follicles mature into secondary follicles, and one becomes the dominant follicle. follicles produce estrogen that helps thicken uterine lining. Ovulation: middle of cycle. Estrogen levels peak, promoting release of LH. LH triggers mature follicle bursts and releases an egg into the fallopian tube. Luteal phase: ruptured follicle transforms into corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and estrogen, which maintains the uterine lining. progesterone is the main hormone. If fertilization does not happen, progesterone and estrogen drop triggering menstruation.

Question 43

Describe what occurs in the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle (MPS) Include which hormones influence this process and how.

Answer 43

Menstrual phase: start of cycle, 3-7 days, low levels of estrogen and progesterone trigger endometrial lining shedding due to lack of fertilization, resulting in menstruation. Proliferative phase: after menstruation until ovulation. FSH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles. estrogen released by follicle in ovary maturing which triggers endometrial lining thickens and regenerates. Secretory phase: after ovulation until next menstruation. corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in progestrone and estrogen, causing endometrial lining to break down and shed.