Chapter 27: Protists

Question 1

Colonies

Answer 1

Multiple individual organisms of the same species living in a group

Question 2

Contractile Vacuole

Answer 2

A specialized cytoplasmic organelle that pumps fluid in a cyclical manner from within the cell to the outside by alternately filling and then contracting to release its contents at various points on the surface of the cell

Question 3

Food vacuoles

Answer 3

A membrane-bound sac used for digestion

Question 4

Pellicle

Answer 4

A layer of supportive protein fibers located inside the cell, just under the plasma membrane, providing strength and flexibility instead of a cell wall

Question 5

Pseudopodia

Answer 5

A temporary cytoplasmic extension of the cell wall

Question 6

Phytoplankton

Answer 6

Microscopic, free flowing aquatic plants and protists

Question 7

Zooplankton

Answer 7

Small, usually microscopic animals that float in aquatic habitats

Question 8

Excavata

Answer 8

A protist evolutionary group: most have a scooped-out feeding apparatus on the ventral surface of the cell; some have flagella; some are anaerobes; some are photosynthetic; and some are parasites

Question 9

Metamonada

Answer 9

A subgroup of Excavata protist evolutionary group containing the diplomonadia and Parabsala. Metamonads have multiple flagella and lack mitochondria.

Question 10

Euglenozoa

Answer 10

A subgroup of the Excavata protist evolutionary group; single celled, highly motile cells that swim by means of flagella and that contain mitochondria characterized by disc-shaped cristae

Question 11

Undulating membrane

Answer 11

In parabasilid Protists, a finlike structure formed by flagellum buried in a fold of the cytoplasm that facilitates movement through thick and viscous fluids; an expansion of the plasma membrane in some flagellates that is usually associated with a flagellum.

Question 12

Euglenids

Answer 12

A lineage of the Euglenozoa subgroup of the Excavata protist evolutionary group; free-living with anterior flagella

Question 13

Kinetoplastids

Answer 13

A lineage of the Euglenozoa subgroup of the Excavata protist evolutionary group; nonphotosynthetic; heterotrophic cells that live as animal parasites and that contain a single mitochondrion with a large DNA- protein deposit called a kinetoplast.

Question 14

Chromalveolata

Answer 14

A protist evolutionary group consisting of the Alveolata and the Stramenopila

Question 15

Alveolata

Answer 15

A subgroup of the Chromalveolata protist evolutionary group; characterized by small, flattened, membrane bound vesicles called alveoli in a layer just under the plasma membrane.

Question 16

Aveolates

Answer 16

Include two motile, primarily free-long groups, the Ciliophora and Dinoflagellata, and a nonmotile, parasitic group, the Apicomplexa.

Question 17

Ciliophora

Answer 17

A lineage of the Alveolata subgroup of the Chromalveolata protist evolutionary group.
Includes nearly 10,000 known species of primarily single-felled but highly complex heterotrophic organisms that swim by means of cilia.

Question 18

Cilliates

Answer 18

Many highly developed organelles, including mouthlike fuller lined with cilia; structures that exclude mucins and toxins. The only eukaryotes that have two types of nuclei in each cell -macro and micronucleus

Question 19

Micronucleus

Answer 19

In Ciliophorans, one or more diploid nuclei that contains a complete complement of genes, functioning primarily in cellular reproduction

Question 20

Macronucleus

Answer 20

In ciliophorans, a single large nucleus that develops from a mircronucleus but loses all genes except those required for basic “housekeeping” functions of the cell and for ribosomal RNAs.

Question 21

Conjugate

Answer 21

In bacteria, the process by which DNA of the donor cell moves through the cytoplasmic bridge into the recipient cell. With some types of donor cells, this can lead to genetic recombination in the recipient cell. In ciliate protists, a process of sexual reproduction in which individuals of the same species temporarily couple and exchange genetic material.

Question 22

Trichocysts

Answer 22

A dartlike protein thread that can be discharged from a surface organelle for defense or to capture prey.

Question 23

Dinoflagellata

Answer 23

Over 4,000 known species. Most single-celled organisms in marnine phytoplankton. Both modes of nutrition. Have a shell formed from cellulose plates. The beating flagella which fit into grooves in the plates, makes dinoflagelletes spin like a top, hence their name (dinos = spinning)

Question 24

Bioluminescent

Answer 24

An organism that glows or releases a flash of light, particularly when disturbed.

Question 25

Red tides

Answer 25

A growth in dinoflagellate populations that causes red, orange, or brown discoloration of coastal waters.

Question 26

Apicomplexa

Answer 26

Malaria + toxoplasmosis. All non motile parasites of animals. They absorb nutrients through their plasma membranes rather than engulfing food particles. Form cysts and go through sexual and asexual phases.

Question 27

Oomycota (water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews)

Answer 27

A lineage of the Stramenopila subgroup of the Chromalveolata protist evolutionary group; fungus like organisms that lack chloroplasts and live as heterotrophs.

Question 28

Water molds

Answer 28

Live almost exclusively in freshwater lakes and streams or moist terrestrial habitats. Most water molds are key decomposed of both aquatic and moist terrestrial habitats. Other water molds parasatize living aquatic animals.

Question 29

White rusts and downy mildews

Answer 29

Parasites of land plants

Question 30

Downy mildew

Answer 30

Phytophthora infestans is a water mold that infects valuable crop plants such as potatoes. Irish potato famine.

Question 31

Hyphae

Answer 31

Any of the threadlike filaments that form the mycelium of a fungus

Question 32

Mycelium

Answer 32

A network of branching hyphae that constitutes the body of a multicellular fungus.

Question 33

Chrysophyta (golden algae)

Answer 33

A lineage of the Stramenopila subgroup of the Chromalveolata protist evolutionary group, mostly colonial protists in which each cell of a colony has a pair of flagella and is surrounded by a glassy shell.

Question 34

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

Answer 34

A lineage of the Stramenopila subgroup of the Chromalveolata evolutionary subgroup; photosynthetic autotrophs that range from microscopic forms to giant kelps.