Chapter 28 Endocrine Disorders Flashcards
(8 cards)
What is hyperthyroidism?
Caused by overproduction of thyroxine
Cluster of symptoms – thyrotoxicosis
Results most commonly from Graves disease – enlarged thyroid gland, changes in structure of eye, skin lesions, occurs in people < 40, women more
S/S
Sudden weight loss
Rapid/irregular heartbeat
Nervousness, irritability, tremor
Sweating
Changes in menstruation
Increased sensitivity to heat
Changes in bowel pattens
Goiter – enlarged thyroid gland
Fatigue/muscle weakness
Difficulty sleeping
What is hypothyroidism?
Insufficient quantity of thyroid tissue or by loss of functional thyroid tissue
Thyroid surgery – gland is removed, radioactive iodine therapy, congenital thyroid abnormality
Strong ties with Hashimoto thyroiditis
S/S
Unexplained weight gain
Elevated blood cholesterol levels
Depression
Pale, dry skin, puffy face
Heavy menstruation
Sensitive to cold
Constipation
Goiter
Headache
Sleep apnea
Brittle nails
Hypertension
What is acute pancreatitis?
Leading cause – gallstones: stones migrate out of the gall bladder through the common bile duct which merges with the pancreatic duct near the entrance to the duodenum
At this junction gallstones can lodge in or near the pancreatic duct and block the flow of pancreatic juices into the duodenum causing inflammation digestive enzymes then becomes active in the pancreas instead of in digestive tract
S/S – persistent, mild to severe abdominal pain centered over the epigastric region that may radiate to the back/chest
What is chronic pancreatitis?
Permanent damage in terms of structure, function or both because of progressive inflammation
Alcohol abuse – leading cause
Persists – slowly destroys pancreas and organ becomes less able to secrete enzymes and hormones that are needed for proper digestion
Leads to poor absorption of nutrients, particularly fat, causing weight loss and fat-containing stools, cells that produce insulin impaired causing diabetes
S/S – inflammation is slow, progressive destruction of tissue over many years, less obvious in early stages, intermittent periods of abdominal pain worse after drinking alcohol or eating a meal
What is diabetes mellitus?
Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a near or absolute lack of the hormone insulin, insulin resistance or both
Risk and severity – heredity, increase age, minority ethnicity, obesity, female gender, stress, infection, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in CHO and fat
What is the physiological basis of diabetes?
CHO in human nutrition supply the body’s systems
Eating – blood glucose rises, stimulates the release of insulin lower blood sugar levels, stimulates AA uptake, fat metabolism, protein synthesis
Normal conditions BG – 80-120 mg/dL
After glucose enters the target cells, insulin – promotes the oxidation of glucose for ATP production, joins glucose together to form glycogen, converts glucose to fat for storage, particularly adipose tissue
Energy needs met liver and muscle cells assemble glucose cells into glycogen for storage
Liver cells excess glucose fat
BG levels return to normal when glucose stored as glycogen, converted back to glucose/fat
BG falls between meals pancreas secretes glucagon into the blood
Insulin activity deficient – level of sugar remains high after meal, glucose unable to move into most tissue cells BG levels increase to abnormally high levels osmotic pressure drives fluid into cells dehydration
Excess glucose passed into kidneys resulting in polyuria dehydration
What is Type I diabetes mellitus?
Pancreas cannot synthesize insulin – individual must assist the cells in taking up the needed fuels from the blood (injection)
Insulin = protein, GI enzymes would digest it if taken orally
Autoimmune disorder, most frequent chronic childhood diseases
Acute onset, develops over few days to weeks
Onset before 30 years old
What is Type II diabetes mellitus?
Most common form
Associated with family history, older age, obesity, lack of exercise
