Chapter 28 - Invertebrates Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
Invertebrates lack what?
A
Spine and Cranium
2
Q
What are the 8 Phyla of Intertebrates?
A
- Porifera
- Platyhelminthes
- Mollusca
- Annelida
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
- Echinodermata
3
Q
What animals are in the Porifera phylum?
A
Sponges
4
Q
True or False: Porifera (sponges) do not have “true” tissue (i.e. no gastrulation and they’re not diplo/triploblastic)
A
True
5
Q
How do Porifera move?
A
As larvae, they can swim but eventually, they settle on a substrate and then grow into an adult (they’re not motile)
6
Q
How do Porifera eat and breathe?
A
They’re filter-feeders
7
Q
What is the Body Plan of Porifera?
A
Asymmetrical
8
Q
What is the large, internal cavity of a sponge (porifera)?
A
Spongocoel
9
Q
Water flows into the Spongocoel through what?
A
Ostia (pores)
10
Q
What is Osculum?
A
A large opening at the top of the sponge where water is expelled
11
Q
Sponges (Porifera) lack which systems?
A
- Digestive
- Nervous
- Respiratory
- Circulatory
12
Q
How is food digested in Porifera (sponges)?
A
Intracellularly; they are absorbed by cells inside the spongocoel
13
Q
How does Gas Exchange, Circulation, and Waste Excretion process in Porifera (sponges)?
A
Diffusion
14
Q
How do the contraction and choanocyte cells communicate?
A
Intercellularly
15
Q
How do Porifera (sponges) reproduce?
A
Both sexually and asexually
16
Q
What animals make up the Cnidaria phylum?
A
Jellyfish and Anemones
17
Q
What is the body plan of Cnidarians?
A
Radial or Bilateral
18
Q
What type of tissues do Cnidarians have?
A
Diploblastic
19
Q
True or False: Cnidarians are protostomes
A
False: Cnidarians are neither protostomes or deuterostomes
20
Q
What kind of digestive system do Cnidarians have?
A
Incomplete
21
Q
What does it mean for an animal to have an Incomplete Digestive System?
A
The animal is not a protostome or deuterostome; food and waste enters/leaves through the same opening
22
Q
What is a defining characteristic of Cnidarians?
A
Cnidocyte
23
Q
What are Cnidocytes?
A
Stinging cells
24
Q
What are Nematocysts?
A
Stinging Organelles
25
What are the 2 body types of Cnidarians?
Polyp and Medusa
26
Polyp species are [sessile or motile?]
Sessile
27
Medusa species are [sessile or motile?]
Motile
28
In Cnidarians, the Gastrodermis is derived from what?
Endoderm tissue
29
In Cnidarians, the Epidermis is derived from what?
Ectoderm tissue
30
True or False: Cnidarians have non-living mesoglea tissue between them
True
31
Cnidarians have specialized tissue cells but no _________
No true organ systems
32
True or False: Cnidarians have a nervous system
False: They have nerve cells but no nervous system
33
What kind of cells do Cnidarians have for movement?
Contractile Epithelial Cells
34
Cnidarians don't have a digestive system but they do have...
* Enzyme excreting cells
* Nutrient absorbing cells
35
The gastrovascular cavity in Cnidarians have how many openings?
1; it is both the mouth and anus
36
How are nutrients absorbed in Cnidarians?
Nutrients are distributed through the Mesoglea to the Epidermal cells
37
Name the 5 Cnidarian classes
* Anthozoa
* Scyohozoa
* Cubozoa
* Hydrozoa
38
What animals make up the Anthozoa class of Cnidarias?
Sessile Polyp species (coral, sea fans, sea anemones)
39
What animals make up the Scyphozoa class of Cnidarias?
Medusa species & Jellyfish
40
What animals make up the Cubozoa class of Cnidarias?
Medusa species & Box jellies
41
What animals make up the Hydrozoa class of Cnidarias?
Sessile & Medusa species (hydra, Portuguese man o' war)
42
How do Cnidarians (jellyfish) reproduce?
Mostly sexual but some are asexual
43
What animals make up the Platyhelminthes phylum?
Flatworms
44
What body plan do Platyhelminthes have?
Bilaterial
45
What type of gastrulation tissues do Platyhelminthes have?
Triploblastic (acoelmate)
46
Are Platyhelminthes protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
47
True of False: Platyhelminthes have a complete digestive system
False: They have an incomplete digestive system
48
What is Cephalization?
Formation of tissues and organs during embryonic development of the zygote
49
What kind of cephalization do Platyhelminthes have?
Simple cephalization, meaning they have nerve tissues and sensory organs in a head
50
How can Platyhelminthes hunt/look for food?
Free-living (predators or scavengers) or Parasitic
51
In Platyhelminthes, where do ingested food go to?
Ingested food goes into the rudimentary digestive system (food is digested in the intestine)
52
How do Platyhelminthes digest their food?
Extracellularly then absorbed into gut cells (cells of gut)
53
In Platyhelminthes, where do waste products go?
Waste products are returned to the gut and then released through the mouth/anus
54
How does the Excretory System work in Platyhelminthes?
The Excretory System is a network of tubules running along the periphery
55
What are the flame cells in Platyhelminthes?
Flame cells have cilia that propel waste fluid out of the body through pores
56
What makes up a Platyhelminthes' nervous system and what do they do?
2 cerebral ganglia for sensing light and chemicals
57
Which systems do Platyhelminthes NOT have?
Circulatory & Respiratory
58
How do Platyhelminthes do gas exchange?
Gas exchange through the Epidermis
59
How are nutrients distributed in Platyhelminthes?
Nutrients are distributed through gap junctions
60
How do Platyhelminthes reproduce?
Most are monoecious, meaning they have internal fertilization and produce eggs
61
What animals make up the Mollusca phylum?
Snails, Mussels, Octopodes, etc.
62
What is the body plan of Molluscas?
Bilateral with cephalization
63
What kind of tissues do Molluscas have?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate
64
Are Molluscas are [protostome or deuterostome?]
Protostomes
65
Do Molluscas have an incomplete or complete digestive system?
Complete Digestive System; they have a mouth and anus
66
What body parts do all species of Mollusca have and what do they do?
* Foot - locomotion
* Visceral mass - main body
* Mantle - calcium carbonate shell
67
What type of respiratory systems do Mollusca have?
* Gills in aquatic species
* Mantle in terrestrial species
68
How does the Complete Digestive system work in Molluscas?
Food ingested through the mouth → Processed in the gut → Waste expelled through anus
69
How does the Circulatory system work in Molluscas?
It's varied; depends on class
70
How does the Nervous system work in Molluscas?
It's varied; depends on class
71
What are the 3 classes of Mollusca?
* Bivalvia
* Gastropoda
* Cephalopoda
72
What kind of species makes up the Bivalvia class of Mollusca?
Marine & Freshwater species
73
Describe the body of Bivalvia Mollusca
Body is enclosed in a 2-part shell
74
What closes the 2-part shell that Bivalvia have?
Adductor muscle
75
What opens the 2-part shell that Bivalvia have?
Abductor muscle
76
True or False: Bivalvia Mollusca have cephalization
False: They have no cephalization, but some do have eye spots
77
How do Bivalvia Mollusca eat?
Filter feeders; they intake and expel water
78
How do Bivalvia Mollusca capture food?
Food is captured by their gills and moved to their mouth via cilia
79
How do Bivalvia respirate?
Gills; oxygen in the water diffuse into their gills
80
How is metabolic waste excreted in Bivalvia Mollusca?
Metabolic waste is excreted by a pair of Nephridia
81
What kind of Circulatory system do Bivalvia Mollusca have?
Open circulatory system, meaning they have no blood vessels or veins
82
What kind of reproduction do Bivalvias go through?
Sexual; they produce larvae
83
What animals make up the Bivalvia class of Mollusca?
Clams, mussels, oysters, etc.
84
What kind of species makes up the Gastropoda class of Mollusca?
Marine, Freshwater, and Terrestrial species
85
True or False: All species of Gastropoda have shells
False: Some have shells, others don't
86
In Gastropodas, what is used for locomotion?
Foot
87
What kind of cephalization do Gastropodas have?
True cephalization
88
What body parts are made from the cephalization of Gastropodas?
Head, eyes, tentacles
89
What kind of Nervous system do Gastropodas have?
Simple nervous system
90
What type of eaters are Gastropodas?
Herbivores (or Predators)
91
How do Gastropodas eat?
The Radula "tongue" scrapes food off surfaces
92
How do Gastropodas respirate?
* Gills in aquatic species
* Mantle in terrestrial species
93
What kind of circulatory system do Gastropodas have?
Open circulatory system, meaning they have no blood vessels or veins
94
What do Gastropodas have to excrete metabolic waste?
Nephridia
95
What kind of sexual reproduction do Gastropodas go through?
Sexual; produces eggs (no larval stage)
96
What animals make up the Gastropoda class of Mollusca?
Snails, slugs, conchs, etc.
97
What type of shells does the Cephalopoda class have?
* Nautiluses have an external shell
* Squid, octopodes, and cuttlefish have an internal shell
97
What kind of eaters are Cephalopods?
Carnivorous predators
98
What body part allows Cephalopods to eat other animals?
Jawed beak
99
What kind of cephalization do Cephalopods have?
True cephalization; they are highly intelligent and have a well-developed nervous system with eyes
100
What kind of circulatory system do Cephalopods have?
Closed circulatory system (they are the only Mollusca class to have that)
101
How is the muscular foot of Cephalopods divided?
* Tentacles
* Arms
102
How do Cephalopods move/what do they use for locomotion?
Siphon
103
Describe the respiratory system of Cephalopods.
2 well-developed gills with a heart on each
104
True or False: Cephalopods have nephridia
True
105
How do Cephalopods reproduce?
Sexual; produce eggs (no larval stage)
106
What animals make up the Cephalopoda class of Mollusca?
Nautilus, Cuttlefish, Squid, Octopus, etc.
107
What is the phylum Annelida?
Segmented worms
108
What species make up the Annelida phylum?
Marine, terrestrial, and freshwater species
109
What is the body plan of Annelids (segmented worms)?
Bilateral
110
What kind of cephalization do Annelids (segmented worms) have?
Minimal or no true cephalization
111
What kind of tissues do Annelids have?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate
112
Are Annelids protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostome
113
What kind of Digestive system do Annelids have?
Complete digestive system
114
What kind of segmentation do Annelids have?
Metameric segmentation, meaning they have repeated internal and external features
115
What are Polychaetes?
Marine Annelids
116
What are Oligochaetes?
Terrestrial Annelids
117
How do Annelids eat?
Some are filter-feeders while others are predatory or parasitic
118
What protects the epidermis of Annelids?
A chitinous cuticle that have bristles called setae
119
What kind of cuticle protects the epidermis of Polychaetes Annelids?
Parapodia
120
What makes up a Annelid's digestive tract?
* Mouth
* Pharynx
* Esophagus
* Crop
* Gizzard
* Intestine
* Anus
121
How do Annelids excrete metabolic waste?
By their metanephridia
122
What kind of nervous system do Annelids have?
well-developed nervous system with a nerve cord and ganglia
123
How do monoecious Annelids reproduce?
* Both male and female parts in the same animal
* Permanent gonads
* Self-fertilization or cross-fertilization
124
How do dioecious Annelids reproduce?
* Male animal and female animal
* Temporary gonads
125
How do Polychaete Annelids reproduce?
* External fertilization → Larvae produced → Metamorphosizes into adult
* They can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation
126
How do Oligochaete Annelids reproduce?
Internal fertilization → Eggs develop → Worm hatches from egg
127
What kind of respiratory system do Annelids have?
No respiratory system; gas exchanged through epidermis
128
What animal make up the Nematoda phylum?
Roundworms
129
What is the body plan of Nematodes?
Bilateral
130
What kind of tissues do Nematodes have?
Triploblastic, pseudocoelomate
131
Are Nematodes protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
132
What kind of digestive system to Nematodes have?
Complete digestive system
133
What is the defining characteristic of Nematodes (roundworms)?
Cuticle exoskeleton
134
True of False: Nematodes molt, meaning they shed their exoskeleton to grow
True
135
How do Nematodes (roundworms) eat?
Free-living or parasitic
136
What type of cephalization do Nematodes have?
Primitive cephalization with nerves
137
Which systems do Nematodes (roundworms) not have?
* Circulatory
* Respiratory
* Excretory
138
How do Nematodes do gas exchange?
Through epidermis
139
How do Nematodes get rid of metabolic waste?
Released through epidermis
140
What kind of reproduction do Nematodes do?
All of them (monecious, dioecious, parthenogenic)
141
What animals make up the Arthropoda phylum?
Insects, spiders, lobsters, etc.
142
What kind of species are in the Arthropoda phylum?
Terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial
143
What is the body plan of Arthropods?
Bilaterial
144
What kind of tissues do Arthropods have?
Triploblastic, eucoelmate
145
Are Arthropods protostomes or deuterostomes?
Protostomes
146
What kind of digestive system do Arthropods have?
Complete digestive system
147
What kind of eaters are Arthropods?
Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, or scavengers
148
What kind of appendages do Arthropods have and what does it allow them to do?
* Jointed appendages
* Walking, swimming, catching prey
149
True or False: Arthropods are not segmented
False: Arthropods have body segmentation
150
What are the parts of an Arthropod's segmented body?
* Head, Thorax, Abdomen
* Cephalothorax & Abdomen
* Head & Trunk
151
What kind of exoskeleton do Arthropods have?
Chitinized exoskeleton, meaning they molt
152
What is the central cavity called in an Arthropod?
Hemocoel
153
How do hemocoel fluids move in an Arthropod?
Hemocoel fluids are moved by contraction of a dorsal blood vessel ("heart")
154
How do Arthropods remove nitrogenous waste?
Varies
* Green gland in crustaceans
* Malpighian tubules in insects
155
How do Arthropods reproduce?
* Most are dioecious and reproduce sexually via internal fertilization
* Some are monecious
* Others reproduce parthenogenetically
156
What are the 5 subphyla of Arthropoda and what animals do they consist of?
* Trilobita - extinct
* Chelicerata - horseshoe crab, spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
* Myriapoda - millipedes, centipedes
* Crustacea - shrimp, krill, crabs, woodlice
* Hexapoda - insects
157
What animals make up the Echinodermata phylum?
Sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, etc.
(exclusively a marine species)
158
What is the body plan of Echinodermatas?
Larvae: Bilateral
Adult: Radial or Pentaradial
159
What controls the change in body plan in Echinodermatas?
Hox genes
160
What kind of tissues do Echinodermatas have?
Triploblastic, eucoelomate
161
Are Echinodermatas protostomes or deuterostomes?
Deuterostomes
162
What are the "bones" that make up the skeleton of Echinodermatas?
Ossicles (covered by epidermis)
163
What is the first instance of an endoskeleton in the Kingdom of Animalia?
Ossicles in Echnidermatas
164
What kind of vascular system do Echinodermatas have?
Water vascular system that has a central canal with radial canals in each arm
165
What kind of nervous system do Echinodermatas have?
Simple; central nerve ring and radial ring in each arm
166
True or False: Echinodermatas have a brain and sensory organs
False: Echinodermatas have no brain but have sensory organs
167
What kind of respiratory system do Echinodermatas have?
Gas exchange through water vascular system
168
What kind of circulatory system do Echinodermatas have?
Hemal system, meaning vessels parallel to the water vascular system, and it circulates nutrients and removes metabolic waste products
169
Where is the mouth and anus located in Echinoderms?
* Mouth - ventral side
* Anus - dorsal side
170
What kind of reproduction do Echinoderms do?
* Dioecious, external fertilization that produces bilateral larvae
* Can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation
171
What are the 5 Echinodermata Classes and what are the animals of each?
* Asteroidea - sea stars
* Ophiuroidea - brittle stars
* Echinoidea - sand dollars
* Crinoidea - sea feathers and sea lillies
* Holothuroidea - sea cucumber
