Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards
Sexual maturation, anatomy of male and female systems, development and aging (93 cards)
1
Q
What are gonads?
A
Primary reproductive organs
- Ovaries & testes
2
Q
What are gametes?
A
Sex cells w/ haploid # of chromosomes
- oocytes & sperm
3
Q
What are accessory reproductive organs/
A
Ducts that carry gametes from gonads to site of fertilization (female) or outside the body (male)
4
Q
What is puberty?
A
Period when reproductive organs become fully functional & secondary sex characteristics become more prominent
5
Q
How does puberty start?
A
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which acts on endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary & stimulates them to release FSH and LH
6
Q
GnRH
A
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
7
Q
FSH
A
Follicle-stimulating hormone
8
Q
LH
A
Luteinizing hormone
9
Q
What is the perineum?
A
Diamond-shaped area between thighs
- pubic symphysis anteriorly
- ischial tuberosities laterally
- coccyx posteriorly
10
Q
Urogenital triangle
A
Anterior
- urethral & vaginal orifices in females
- base of penis & scrotum in males
- muscles: ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, superficial transverse perineal
11
Q
Anal triangle
A
Posterior
- anus
- muscle: external anal sphincter
12
Q
What is gametogenesis?
A
forming human sex cells (gametes)
13
Q
Chromosomes
A
Human somatic body cells
- 23 pairs (46 total)
- 22 pairs of autosomes
- 1 pair sex chromosomes
14
Q
What are autosomes?
A
Contain genes that code for cellular functions and determine characteristics (ex. eye & hair color, height, skin pigmentation)
15
Q
Homologous Autosomes
A
Pai of matching autosomes
16
Q
Diploid
A
State of cell containing pairs of homologous chromosomes (46)
17
Q
Haploid
A
of chromosomes in a sperm or secondary oocyte (23)
18
Q
Meiosis
A
Sex cell division that starts w/ diploid parent cell and produces haploid daughter cells (gametes)
- up to 4 genetically different daughter cells
19
Q
Mitosis
A
- 2 genetically identical daughter cells
- diploid gametes
20
Q
Interphase
A
- prior to meiosis
- DNA in each chromosome replicated (sister chromatids attached at centromere)
21
Q
Meiosis I (reduction division)
A
- homologous pairs of replicated chromosomes separated when cell divides
22
Q
Prophase I
A
- homologous replicated chromosomes in parent cell pair to form tetrad
- each tetrad exchanges genetic material (crossing over) to ensure genetic diversity
- ends w/ breakdown of nuclear envelope
23
Q
Metaphase I
A
- spindle fibers formed by microtubules extend at opposite ends of cellnaph
24
Q
Anaphase I
A
Pairs of chromosomes separate as they are pulled by the spindle fibers to ends of cell
25
Telophase I & Cytokinesis
- nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes
- division of cytoplasm during cell division
26
Meiosis II
sister chromatids are separated and become single chromosomes in haploid cells
27
Prophase II
- nuclear envelope breaks down
- chromosomes collect together- no crossing over occurs
28
Metaphase II
- spindle fibers extend from centrioles
- replicated chromosomes align to form line along equator of cell
29
Anaphase II
- sister chromatids pulled apart at centromere
- renames single chromosome
30
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
- single chromosomes at opposite ends of cell
- nuclear membrane reform
- cytoplasm in both cells divide
31
Anterior Vesicouterine Pouch
space between urinary bladder and uterus
32
Rectouterine pouch
space between rectum and uterus
33
Female accessory organs
uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands
34
Female primary organs
ovaries
35
What is the ovarian ligament?
Cord of fibrous connective tissue that anchors each ovary to the lateral wall of the uterus
36
What is the mesovarium?
Double fold of peritoneum, attached to each ovary at hilum
37
What is the suspensory ligament?
formed from connective tissue, attaches the lateral edge of each ovary and projects superolaterally to the pelvic wall
- houses ovarian blood vessels and nerves
38
Ovary
- supplied by ovarian artery and ovarian vein
39
Germinal Epithelium
thin , simple cuboidal epithelial layer surrounding ovary
40
Tunica albuginea
deep to germinal epithelium
- dense connective tissue capsule
41
Ovarian follicles
- oocyte surrounded by follicle cells that support it
42
Primordial follicle
- most primitive type
- primary oocytes surrounded by single layer of flattened follicle cells
43
Primary follicle
- formed from maturing primordial follicle
- primary oocyte surrounded by single layer of cuboidal follicular cells (granulosa cells)
- secretes estrogen which stimulates change in uterine lining
- zona pellucida (surrounds primary oocyte)
44
Secondary follicle
- formed from primary follicle
- primary oocytes and many layers of granulosa cells
- thecal cells develop from nearby connective tissue (secrete androgens that is converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)
45
Antral follicle (vesicular/tertiary follicle)
- formed from secondary follicle
- antrum (fluid-filled space) develops within granulosa cells
- oocyte forced toward one side of follicle and surrounded by cluster of cells (cumulus oophorus)
- zona pellucida and corona radiata surround primary oocyte
46
Mature follicle (graafian follicle)
- secondary oocyte
- surrounded by cona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus, external layers of granulosa cells, thecal cells, large fluid filled antrum
- corpus luteum formed by remnants of mature follicle rupturing, producing progesterone
47
oogenesis
- maturation of primary oocyte to a secondary oocyte
48
oogonia
diploid cells within primordial follicles
- fetal period: divide by mitosis to form primary oocytes
49
atresia
- primordial follicle regression during childhood
50
folliculogenesis (follicle development)
development & maturation of ovarian follicles
- regulated by GnRH which secretes FSH & LH
- preantral stage: 290 days and consists of development from primordial follicle to late secondary follicle
- antral stage: 65 days and begins w/ antral follicle development into mature follicle that can be ovulated
51
Follicular phase
- 1 to 13/ 28 day cycle
- last 13 days of antral stage
52
Ovulation
- day 14 of 28 day cycle
- release of secondary oocyte from mature follicle
53
Luteal phase
- 15 to 28 day of 28 day cycle
54
- ruptured mature follicle becomes corpus luteum
- corpus luteum temporary endocrine gland that secretes progesterone and estrogen and inhibin
55
menarche
time of first menstrual period
56
menopause
- permanent cessation of menses
- perimenopause (time nearing menopause)
57
Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes/ oviducts)
- transport ovulated oocyte to uterus
- fertilization site of an oocyte
58
Uterus
- muscular organ within pelvic cavity
- supports, protects, nourishes developing embryo/fetus
59
Vagina
- fibromuscular tube that forms inferior most region of female reproductive tracts
60
Mammary Gland
- secretes breast milk
61
Male primary reproductive organs
testes
62
Male accessory reproductive organs
ducts & tubules leading from the testes to the penis, accessory glands, penis
63
Scrotum
skin-covered sac between thighs
- provides cooler environment needed for sperm development & maturation
64
Raphe
distinct ridgelike seam at midline of scrotum
65
spermatic cord
- originates in the inguinal canal (passageway through inferior abdominal wall)
- external spermatic fascia (external oblique muscle)
- cremaster muscle & cremasteric fascia (internal oblique muscle)
- internal spermatic fascia (formed from fascia deep to abdominal muscles)
66
Testicular artery
direct branch from abdominal aorta
- surrounded by pampiniform plexus (network of nerves, blood vessels, or lymph vessels)
67
Testes
produce sperm and androgens
68
Sustentacular cells
provide protective environment & nourish developing sperm
69
Inhibin - males
More inhibin = lowered sperm count
Less inhibin = higher sperm count
70
Spermatogenesis
process of sperm development that occurs within seminiferous tubule of testis
71
Spermatogonia
Diploid cells that lie near base of the seminiferous tubule. Divide by mitosis to produce sperm
72
Primary spermatocyte
- diploid cells
- forms secondary spermatocytes
73
Secondary spermatocytes
- haploid cells
- form spermatids in meiosis II
74
spermiogenesis
newly formed spermatids differentiate to become anatomically mature spermatozoa (sperm)
75
Sperm anatomy
- flagellum (tail)
- acrosome (cap-like structure on anterior 2/3 of sperm nucleus that uses digestive enzymes to penetrate an oocyte)
- midpiece/neck region (mitochondria)
76
rete testis
meshwork of channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm via straight tubules
77
efferent ductules
connect rete testis to the epididymis
78
epididymis
comma-shaped structure composed of an internal ducts and external connective tissue covering
- head: superior surface of testis
- body & tail: posterior surface of testis
- stores sperm until they are fully mature & motile
79
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
- thick-walled tube that extends from epididymis superiorly through the spermatic cord
- sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation and enter vans deferens
80
Ejaculatory duct
conducts sperm from ductus deferens and a component of seminal fluid into the prostatic urethra
81
urethra - male
transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to outside the body
82
Seminal fluid
alkaline secretion needed to neutralize acidity of the vagina
- also nourishes sperm as they move through female reproductive tract
- produced by accessory glands: seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral
83
Seminal vesicles
- proximal portion merges w/ ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
- contribute to seminal fluid
- secrete alkaline fluid made of fructose (nourishes sperm) and prostaglandins (hormonelike substance that promotes widening/dilation of external os of the cervix)
84
prostate gland
- secretes PSA (prostate-specific antigen) which acts as an enzyme to liquefy semen
- citric acid nourishes sperm
- seminalplasmin fluid is an antibiotic that combats UTIs
85
bulbourethral glands
- each has short duct that projects into the base (bulb) of penis and enters spongy urethra
- secretes mucin that forms mucus that coats the urethra for passage of sperm during sex
86
Semen
- seminal fluid combines w/ sperm to make up semen
87
Penis
- root: attached portion, which is dilated internal to the body, forming the bulb and crus
- bulb: attaches penis to bulbospongiosus muscle in urogenital triangle
- crus: attaches penis to pubic arch
- shaft (body): elongated, moveable portion
- glans (tip): contains external urethral orifice
- prepuce (foreskin)
88
refractory period
period when penis cannot become erect after sexual intercourse
89
Genetic Sex (genotypic sex)
An individual's sex chromosomes (XX or XY)
90
Phenotypic sex
Appearance of an individual's internal and external genetalia
91
Sex determining region Y (SRY)
- located within testis-determining factor (TDF) region on Y chromosomes
- produces proteins to stimulate the production of androgens that initiate male phenotypic development
- If Y chromosome is lacking or has an abnormal SRY gene, female phenotypic sex results
92
Mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts)
- form most of male duct system
93
paramesonephric ducts (MUllerian ducts)
- form most of femal duct system
