Chapter 29-30

Question 1

Functions of muscular system

Answer 1

• produce movements and maintain posture
• support soft tissue
• maintain body temperature

Question 2

Functions of skeletal system

Answer 2

• support, protect, and provide leverage for body
• store minerals (calcium) and lipids
• produce blood cells

Question 3

What hormones control calcium?

Answer 3

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 4

Parathyroid hormone functions

Answer 4

• increases calcium in blood
• increases absorption/reabsorption from GI tract and kidneys
• increases release of calcium from bones to blood

Question 5

Calcitonin functions

Answer 5

• decrease calcium in blood

- opposite function of parathyroid hormone

Question 6

Osteoporosis

Answer 6

decrease in bone mass and density = impaired function

Question 7

Brand names of Bisphosphonates

Answer 7

Fosamax, Actonel, Boniva

Question 8

Generic name of Bisphosphonates

Answer 8

end in -dronate

Question 9

Mechanism of Bisphosphonates

Answer 9

inhibit bone resorption

Question 10

How are Bisphosphonates administered?

Answer 10

take 30 minutes prior to first meal, sit upright for 30 minutes

Question 11

Adverse effects of Bisphosphonates

Answer 11

gastrointestinal disturbances, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia

Question 12

How do hormonal therapies work for osteoporosis?

Answer 12

inhibit bone resorption

Question 13

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 13

autoimmune disease of joints and other organs

Question 14

What does DMARDs stand for?

Answer 14

disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs

Question 15

How do hydroxychloroquine work?

Answer 15

inhibits movement of white blood cells

Question 16

Adverse effects of hydroxychloroquine

Answer 16

agranulocytosis/thrombocytopenia, weakness/myopathy, visual loss

Question 17

Contraindications of hydroxycloroquine

Answer 17

visual changes while on therapy and hepatic dysfunction

Question 18

Mechanism of sulfasalazine

Answer 18

unknown - anti-inflammatory

Question 19

Adverse effects of sulfasalazine

Answer 19

headache, nausea, dyspepsia, rash, fatal rashes, oligospermia, agranulocytosis, infections

Question 20

Contraindications of sulfasalazine

Answer 20

sulfa allergies, hepatic failure

Question 21

Mechanism of methotrexate

Answer 21

unknown for RA

Question 22

Adverse effects of methotrexate

Answer 22

bone marrow suppression, GI upset/stomatitis, renal and hepatic toxicity

Question 23

Contraindications of methotrexate

Answer 23

immunosuppressed patient, liver failure. renal failure, pregnancy

Question 24

Gout

Answer 24

acute inflammation of joints from uric acid crystals

Question 25

Mechanism of Colchicine

Answer 25

prevents migration of white blood cells

Question 26

Adverse effects of colchicine

Answer 26

nausea/vomiting/diarrhea, myopathy, pancytopenia

Question 27

Contraindications of colchicine

Answer 27

renal failure, pancytopenia

Question 28

Mechanism of allopurinol

Answer 28

xanthine oxidase inhibitor

Question 29

Adverse effects of allopurinol

Answer 29

nausea, diarrhea, rashes, acute liver damage

Question 30

Contraindications of allopurinol

Answer 30

caution in hepatic and renal toxicity

Question 31

Mechanism of uricosuric drugs

Answer 31

inhibit renal reabsorption of uric acid

Question 32

Adverse effects of uricosuric drugs

Answer 32

rashes and GI toxicity

Question 33

Contraindications of uricosuric drugs

Answer 33

blood dyscrasias, uric acid kidney stones, renal impairment

Question 34

Muscle spasms

Answer 34

involuntary contraction of muscle cells

Question 35

Common skeletal muscle relaxants

Answer 35

baclofen and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

Question 36

Mechanism of skeletal muscle relaxants

Answer 36

inhibits reflexes = loss of spasticity

Question 37

Adverse effects of skeletal muscle relaxants

Answer 37

drowsiness/slurred speech, weakness, confusion, hypotension

Question 38

Contraindications of skeletal muscle relaxants

Answer 38

CNS depression, seizure disorder/renal impairment (baclofen), cyclobenzaprine with serotonergic/anticholinergics

Question 39

Differences between open-angle and closed-angle

Answer 39

open angle - chronic, canal of schlemm congestion, gradual visual loss over time closed-angle - acute, presents quickly with pain and sudden visual loss, iris is closed over canal of schlemm to prevent drainage

Question 40

Functions of Canal of Schlemm

Answer 40

drains aqueous humor from eye

Question 41

Prostaglandin agonists common ending

Answer 41

-oprost

Question 42

Adverse effects of prostaglandin agonists

Answer 42

blurred vision/vision changes, redness, lacrimation, eyelash growth, change in iris pigmentation

Question 43

Beta-blockers common ending

Answer 43

-olol

Question 44

Adverse effects of beta-blockers

Answer 44

burning/stinging, may have systemic absorption: hypotension and bradycardia

Question 45

Contraindications of beta-blockers

Answer 45

angle-closure glaucoma

Question 46

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors common ending

Answer 46

-ide

Question 47

Adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 47

burning, blurred vision, rashes

Question 48

Contraindications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Answer 48

closed-angle glaucoma

Question 49

Difference between miosis and mydriasis

Answer 49

miosis - constriction | mydriasis - dilation

Question 50

What are mydriatic medication used for?

Answer 50

to dilate your pupils

Question 51

Common cycloplegics

Answer 51

atropine and scopolamine

Question 52

How do cycloplegics work?

Answer 52

paralyze ciliary muscle to dilate eyes

Question 53

Adverse effects of cycloplegics

Answer 53

blurred vision, photophobia, dryness, redness, increased intraocular pressure

Question 54

Contraindications to cycloplegics

Answer 54

worsen closed-angle glucoma