Chapter 29 - Fluid, Electrolytes,

Question 1

includes cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids

Answer 1

transcellular

Question 2

movement across cell membranes

Answer 2

osmosis

Question 3

sodium normal levels (Na)

Answer 3

135-145

Question 4

Potassium (K) normal levels

Answer 4

3.5-5.0

Question 5

O+ antigen present

Answer 5

Rh

Question 6

O- antigens present

Answer 6

none

Question 7

A+antigens present

Answer 7

A. Rh

Question 8

A- antigens present

Answer 8

A

Question 9

B+ antigens present

Answer 9

B, Rh

Question 10

B- antigens present

Answer 10

B

Question 11

AB+ antigens

Answer 11

A, B, Rh

Question 12

AB- antigens

Answer 12

A, B

Question 13

two blood types most likely to cause a transfusion reaction

Answer 13

ABO and Rh groups of antigents

Question 14

universal donors

Answer 14

O

Question 15

universal recipients

Answer 15

AB

Question 16

moves into the cell by pump. Serum levels regulated by the kidneys though reabsorption or excretion

Answer 16

Potassium

Question 17

moves OUT of cell by pump. Regulated by secretion of aldosterone and ANP

Answer 17

sodium

Question 18

when is whole blood used

Answer 18

massive hemmorrhage

Question 19

dehydration percentages

Answer 19

2% mild
5% moderate
8% severe
15%life threatening

Question 20

fluid volume excess

Answer 20

2% gain is mild
5% gain is moderate
8% gain is severe excess

Question 21

occurs when the sodium level is decreased in relation to body water

Answer 21

hyponatremia

Question 22

occurs when the serum sodium levels is greater than 145 mEq/L

Answer 22

hypernatremia

Question 23

what are the four primary causes of edema

Answer 23

hydrostatic pressure due to fluid overload, decreased production of circulating plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic drainage, increased capillary permeability due to tissue damage

Question 24

also known as third spacing, develops when fluid moves into a tissue at a faster rate than it can be reabsorbed into the intravascular spaace

Answer 24

edema

Question 25

pressure exerted by a fluid within a compartment, such as blood within the vessels. moves fluid from an area of greater pressure to an area of lesser pressure

Answer 25

hydrostatic pressure

Question 26

continual intermingling of molecules with movement of molecules from a solution of higher concentration to a solution of lower concentration

Answer 26

diffusion

Question 27

what is true about the ration of patients fluid intake to output

Answer 27

intake should be slightly more than output

Question 28

what BEST reflects fluid and electrolyte imbalance in older adults

Answer 28

serum lab values. I/O only reflects FLUID

Question 29

remove and intravenous catheter by withdrawing it along

Answer 29

the same path of its insertion to minimize injury

Question 30

not enough sodium

Answer 30

hyponatremia

Question 31

too much sodium

Answer 31

hypernatremia

Question 32

not enough potassium

Answer 32

hypokalemia

Question 33

too much potassium

Answer 33

hyperkalemia

Question 34

clinical manifestations of ? | lethargy, confusion, weakness, muscle cramping, seizures, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,

Answer 34

hyponatremia

Question 35

clinical manifestions of? thirst, dry sticky mucous membranes, weakness, elevated temp, severe causes confusion and irritability, decreased levels of consciousness, hallucinations and convulsions

Answer 35

hypernatremia

Question 36

clinical manifestations of? weak, irregular pulse, fatigue, lethargy, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness and cramping, decreased peristalsis, hypoactive bowel sounds, cardia dysrhythmias, increased risk of digitalis toxicity

Answer 36

hypokalemia

Question 37

clinical manifestions of? anxiety, irritability, confusion, dysrhythmias, including bradycardia and heart block, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, paresthesia, abdominal cramping

Answer 37

hyperkalemia

Question 38

with excess fluid volume the amount of circulating blood volume increase resulting in

Answer 38

full bounding peripheral pulses, heart rate increase

Question 39

normal levels of sodium

Answer 39

135-145

Question 40

Normal levels of potassium

Answer 40

3.5-5

Question 41

normal levels calcium

Answer 41

8.5-10.5

Question 42

normal levels of magnesium

Answer 42

1.3-2.1

Question 43

_________ focus is CNS. Seizures. Excessive fluid (hypervolemia), intestinal fluid loss, redundant diaphoresis (sweat), excessive diuretic, solutions such as hypotonic

Answer 43

hyponatremia. normal values is 135-145

Question 44

what happens with low serum albumin

Answer 44

fluid seeps into interstitial spaces (edema), weight gain, pulmonary congestion, weak and thready pulse, tachycardia,

Question 45

rapid onset:. hypertonic, excessive sweating,. Slow onset: CHF, renal failure,

Answer 45

hypernatremia

Question 46

when do you never administer a potassium IV bolus

Answer 46

hypokalemia

Question 47

anorexia, regular enemas, diuretics, ileostomy, alcoholism causes

Answer 47

hypokalemia

Question 48

deep tendon reflex, leg cramps, GI hypoactive

Answer 48

hypokalemia

Question 49

Cardiac arrest, GI hyperactive, muscle weakness

Answer 49

hyperkalemia

Question 50

confusion, muscle cramps that progress to convulsions, cardiac dysrhythmias, positive Ckvostek and Trousseau signs

Answer 50

hypocalcemia

Question 51

lethargy, decreased muscle strength and tone, constipation, dysrhythmias

Answer 51

hypercalcemia

Question 52

irritable nerves and muscles, seizures, altered LOC, hallucinations

Answer 52

hypomagnesemia

Question 53

warm flushed appearance, vomiting, lethargy, slow, shallow respirations, dysrhythmias

Answer 53

hypermagnesemia

Question 54

pH

Answer 54

7.35-7.45

Question 55

PaCO2

Answer 55

35-45 mm Hg

Question 56

HCO3

Answer 56

22-26

Question 57

PaO2

Answer 57

80-100

Question 58

O2

Answer 58

95-100

Question 59

2% loss of volume

Answer 59

mild dehydration

Question 60

5% loss of volume

Answer 60

moderate dehydration

Question 61

8% loss of volume

Answer 61

severe dehydration

Question 62

15% loss of volume

Answer 62

life threatening, death

Question 63

0.33% NS, and 0.45% NS

Answer 63

hypotonic IV

Question 64

D5W, o.9% NS, D5 0.2% NS, Lactated ringer

Answer 64

isotonic IV

Question 65

D5 0.45% NS, D5 0.9% NS, D5 LR, 3% NS

Answer 65

hypertonic IV

Question 66

IV provides sodium, choloride, and free water. allows kidneys to select amount of electrolyte to rain or excrete

Answer 66

hypotonic. 0.33% NS

Question 67

considered isotonic but becomes free water after dextrose is metabolized, then acts as hypotonic solution. Because it does not contain sodium, continued use can lead to hyponatremia. Useful in IV medication administration

Answer 67

D5W

Question 68

commonly used to reestablish normal extracellular fluid levels in patients with hypovolemia. Not used as a maintenance fluid, continued use can lead to hypernatremia

Answer 68

0.9% NS

Question 69

most commonly resembles blood plasma. contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate. Used where there is a loss of fluid and electrolytes, as in burns or severe diarrhea

Answer 69

lactated ringer

Question 70

prolong use of NS leads to

Answer 70

hypernatremia

Question 71

prolong use of D5W primary infusion leads to

Answer 71

water intoxication

Question 72

for blood transfusions use what type of IV

Answer 72

Y type

Question 73

before beginning IV infusion

Answer 73

gather supplies, check solution, 18-20 gauge

Question 74

never piggyback meds into

Answer 74

blood transfusion