Chapter 29 - Reproductive System Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
-arche
A
beginning
2
Q
cervico-
A
neck or cervix
3
Q
colpo- or vagino-
A
vagina or sheath
4
Q
episio- or vulvo-
A
covering
5
Q
gyneco-
A
women
6
Q
hystero- or metor- or utero-
A
uterus
7
Q
lacto-
A
milk
8
Q
masto- or mammo-
A
breast
9
Q
meno-
A
menstruation
10
Q
oophoro- or ovario -
A
ovary or egg
11
Q
orcho-, orchio-, orchido- or testo-
A
testis or testicle
12
Q
ovi- or ovo-
A
egg
13
Q
prostato-
A
prostate
14
Q
salpingo-
A
uterine or fallopian tube
15
Q
spermo- or spermato-
A
sperm or seed
16
Q
toco-
A
birth
17
Q
vaso-
A
vessel
18
Q
__________ is a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes
A
sexual reproduction
19
Q
through _________, the single-celled fertilized egg or zygote develops into an embry, then fetus and finally baby
A
mitosis
20
Q
_________ is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
A
gynecology
21
Q
________ is the study of the urinary system, but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system
A
urology
22
Q
____1____ or sexual cell division occurs in sex cells (cells in ovaries and testies) to produce gametes called edges or sperm; there are 2 cell divisions (___2___ & ____3___) that result in 4 genetically different gametes
A
1) meiosis
2) meiosis 1
3) meiosis 2
23
Q
_______ refers to a cell (gamete) containing only one set of chromosomes
A
haploid
24
Q
the formation of gametes through meiosis is called _________
A
gametogenesis
25
the formation of male gametes is called __________
spermatogenesis (in the testies)
26
the formation of female gametes is called ________
oogenesis (in the ovaries)
27
_______ is an out pouching of the abdomen from the root of the penis that supports the testes
scrotum
28
the temperature of the testes is regulated by the _________________
cremaster mm
29
Failure of the testes to decent is called ___________, involving one or both testes
cryptorchidism
30
_____ are a pair of oval glands surrounded by a capsule
testes
31
the testes internally consist of coiled __________ where sperm are produced by meiosis
seminiferous tubules
32
What are the 3 cells types of testes?
1) spermatogenic cells
2) sertoli cells
3) leydig cells
33
_________ is a comma- shaped organ that lies along the posterior boarder of the testis; sperm are transported from testes to mature here; also site of sperm storage for a month
epididymis
34
___________ is a continuous with the ductus epididymus and propels sperm during ejaculation; longest duct at 18 inches long
ductus (vas) deferens
35
_________ is formed by the union of the ducts from the seminal vesicles and ductus deferens; function to eject spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra
ejaculatory duct
36
________ is a shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary systems; serves as a passageway for semen and urine
urethra
37
_______ is a mixture of spermatozoa and accessory sex gland secretions (seminal fluid)
Sperm
38
What are the three functions of Semen?
1) provides fluid in which spermatozoa are transported
2) provides nutrients
3) neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina
39
______ is a male organ of copulation that consists of a root, body and glans penis; introduces spermatozoa into the vagina
penis
40
________ is due to the expansion of blood sinuses under the influence of sexual excitation (parasympathetic reflex)
erection
41
_________ is the propulsion of semen from the urethra to the exterior, due to a sympathetic reflex
ejaculation
42
covering the ___1___ is the loosely fitting ______2_____
1) glans penis
| 2) prepuce or foreskin
43
_________ is a surgical procedure in which part of or all of the prepuce is removed (for either religious or hygienic reasons)
circumcision
44
____________ refers to the hormonal relationships of the hypothalamus (GnRH), the anterior pituitary gland (FSH and LH) and the testes (androgens)
brain-testicular axis
45
What are four effects of testosterone on Males?
1) development before birth (reproductive ducts, external genitalia, "male" brain, and decent of testes)
2) sex characteristics (ie. enlargement of sex organs; development of secondary sex characteristics- wider sh & narrow hips, facial hair, thick skin, deepening of voice)
3) Sexual function
4) metabolism
46
_______ are paired glands homologous to the testes; located in the upper pelvic cavity, on either side of the uterus and are maintained in the position by a series of ligaments
ovaries
47
______________ covers the surface of the ovary
germinal epithelium
48
___1_______ expels a secondary oocyte by a process called ______2_______
1) mature (Graafian) follicle
| 2) ovulation
49
______1____ contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin, and inhibit); it degenerates at the end of the menstrual cycle and becomes the _____2______ which no longer secretes hormones
1) corpus luteum
| 2) corpus albicans
50
___________ transport ova from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal sites of fertilization
uterine (fallopian) tubes
51
the _________ is an organ the size and shape of an inverted pear; functions in the transport of spermatozoa, menstruation, implanation of a fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during pregnancy and labour
the uterus
52
______ is the narrow opening from the uterus to the vagina
cervix
53
paired ____1_______ attach the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity; paired _____2_____ connect uterus to sacrum
1) broad ligaments
| 2) uterosacral ligaments
54
What are the three layers of tissue that make up the uterus?
1) perimetrium
2) middle myometrium
3) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis
55
the outer ___________ is serosa which laterally forms the broad ligament
perimetrium
56
__________ which consists of three mm layers that respond to oxytocin during labour (period cramps)
middle myometrium
57
___________ which is highly vascularized and divided into the: ____a_____ which is shed during menstruation & ___b____ which is permanent and gives rise to a new stratum functional is after each menstruation
1) inner myometrium
a) stratum functionalis
b) stratum basalis
58
____________ refers to surgical removal of the uterus and is the most common gynecological operation
Hysterectomy
59
the functions of the ________ is a passageway for spermatozoa and menstrual flow, the receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse, the lower portion of the birth canal
vagina
60
the mucosa of the vagina consists of transverse folds called ______
rugae
61
the vaginal orifice is often partially covered by a thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane called the _______
hymen
62
The _______ or pudendum, refers to the external genitalia of the female which consists of structures such as the mons pubis, labia major, labia minora, clitoris and vestibule
vulva
63
________ is elevation of adipose tissue covered by skin and pubic hair which serves to cushion the pubic symphysis
mons pubis
64
_______ external folds of adipose filled tissue covered with hair
labia majora
65
_________ is two small folds devoid of pubic hair
labia minora
66
_________ is composed of erectile tissue and located at the anterior junction of the labia minora
clitoris
67
_________ is located between the two labia minor and contains the hymen, vaginal office, external urethral office and openings of ducts of several glands
vestibule
68
__________ is a diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females that contains the external genitals and anus
perineum
69
__________ can be performed before delivering a baby to attempt to make the tissue more pliable and less likely to tear
perineal massage
70
________ are modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that lie over the pectorals major and serratus anterior mm
mammary glands
71
milk secreting cells, referred to as ______, are clustered in small compartments (lobules) within the breasts
alveoli
72
_________ is the synthesis of milk and consists of both secretion and ejection of milk
lactation
73
______________ is the most common cause of a breast lump in which one or more cysts (fluid filled sacs) and thickening of alveoli (clusters of milk-secreting cells) develop
fibrocyctic disease
74
What is the functions of estrogens?
- promote development and maintenance of the female reproductive structures, secondary sex characteristics and breasts
- fat deposition in breasts, mons pubis, hips
- widening of the hips
- body hair pattern
- fluid and electrolyte balance
- metabolism: protein anabolism
75
What is the functions of progesterone?
- functions with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation
- necessary for milk secretion
- high level will inhibit secretion of prolactin and GNRH
76
What is the functions of inhibin?
- secreted by corpus luteum
| - inhibits FSH and GNRH secretion and to a smaller extent LH secretion
77
What is the functions of relaxin?
- produced in highest concentration by placenta during last trimester of pregnancy
- relaxes pubic symphysis and dilates cervix
78
What are the three phases of the reproductive cycle?
1) menstrual phase
2) preovulatory phase
* **OVULATION
3) postovulatory phase
79
______1____ phase or ______2_____ or ____3_____ lasts for the first 1-5 days of a cycle; 50-150ml of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells are discharged; entire stratum functionalis sloughs off; at about day 5, approx. ______4_____ develop into ____5_____ in the ovaries
1) menstrual phase
2) menstruation
3) menses
4) 20 primordial follicles
5) secondary follicles
80
the _____1_____ phase is between menstruation and ovulation; variable in length; approx. days 6- 13 in 28 day cycle; the dominant secondary follicle matures into a ______2________
1) preovulatory
| 2) vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle
81
*****__________ is rupture of the ovarian follicle with release of secondary oocyte into pelvic cavity; occurs on day 14 approx.; becomes the corpus luteum
Ovulation
82
_____1____ phase is the most constant phase; days 15-28; as LH declines, the corpus leteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans; the corpus leteum is maintained by _____2________ which is detected by home pregnancy kits
1) post ovulatory phase
| 2) human chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
83
_______ refers to fusion of ovum and sperm
fertilization
84
___________ or fertilization by more than one sperm us lethal for the fertilized ovum
polyspermy
85
occasionally 2 or more ova may be released during ovulation ; if each of these is fertilized, the result is fraternal (________) twins, triplets or quadruplets
dizygotic
86
__________ (identical) twins, tripplets, quadruplets result from the fertilization of a single ovum by a single sperm followed by cell division that results in a single duplication or multiple duplications of the fertilized ovum prior to implantation
monozygotic
87
the fertilized egg or zygote undergoes mitosis or _________
cleavage
88
cleavage continues until the multicellular ball of cells becomes hallow; now called a ___________
blastocyst
89
___________ takes place when the blastocyst attaches to the endometrial wall of the uterus
implantation
90
___________ are pregnancies whereby implantation occurs in the fallopian tube or in the abdomen
ectopic pregnancies
91
the endometrial glands provide glycogen-rich ___________ to nourish the blastocyst
uterine milk
92
the first two months of development are referred to as the _______________; after implantation in the uterine wall, the blastocyst is called the embryo
embryonic period
93
after two months, the embryo is called the fetus and is referred to as the ______ period
fetal period
94
_______ is associated with the human fetus is poorly developed as the placenta supplies nutrients; but acts in early blood formation
yolk sac
95
_______ is a think membrane surrounding a fluid-filled cavity (amniotic fluid) which surrounds the fetus; it acts as a shock absorber for the fetus, regulates body temperature and prevents adhesions between fetal and maternal tissues; it ruptures just before birth
amnion
96
_______ surrounds the fetus/embryo and the amnion, it becomes the principle part of the embryo's contribution to the placenta
chorion
97
_______ is a vascularized membrane between the chorion and amnion of the fetus; early site of blood formation
allantois
98
after 2 months, the blastocyst depends on the placenta for:
- oxygen, nutrients, waste removal, antibodies to various diseases (some exceptions), storage of nutrients, secretion of hormones necessary for maintenance of pregnancy and explosion of fetus at end of term
99
the ______1______ is a vascular connection between mother and fetus; __2__ consists of two _____3______ (carry deoxygenated fetal blood to placenta) and one ____4____ (carries oxygenated blood to fetus)
1) umbilical chord
2) cord
3) umbilical arteries
4) umbilical vein
100
Exchange of materials across the placenta (5)
1) gases
2) nutrients
3) wastes
4) Drugs
5) antibodies
101
pregnancy lasts on average 266 days (38 weeks from fertilization, 40 weeks from day 1 of last menstrual period) and is divided into three month periods called ___________
trimesters
102
Physical changes during the first trimester:
- first 3 months after fertilization
- morning sickness may occur
- frequent urination
- breast swelling and tenderness
- increased vaginal secretions
103
physical changes during the second trimester:
- months 4-6
- fetus begins to move (end of 4th month)
- retention of fluid - perhaps edema
- increased RBC production and this a large increase in blood volume
- increased appetite
- increased maternal cardiac output (30-40%)
- growth of the uterus: protrusion of the abdomen, widening of the waist, stretch marks
- indigestion, constipation and hemorrhoids
- development in the breasts: dramatic increase in size - stretch marks
104
__________ begins to be secreted, thin cloudy fluid produced before milk comes in
coldstrum
105
Physical changes during the third trimester:
- largest weight gain
- uterus reaches largest size and protrusion of abdomen changes center of gravity
- backache and headache due to altered walking (sacroiliac joint)
- great increase in frequency of urination (4-5 times per night) thus altered sleep and fatigue
- mm cramps
- shortness of breath
106
______________ are short spasmodic contractions of the uterus; occur infequently during the third trimester and may become stronger, more regular and more frequent as parturition approaches
Brazton-Hicks contractions
107
______ or parturition is said to begin when uterine contractions start to occur once every 10-15 minutes
labour
108
________ is secretion or ejection of milk from the mammary glands
lactation
109
________ promotes secretion into the ducts
prolactin
110
_________ promotes ejection or letdown
oxytocin
111
___________ is undescended testicles in a newborn which usually descend spontaneously with a year; because early producing cells were exposed to higher core body temperatures; it leads to sterility (if both testes undescended); higher incidence of testicular cancer
cryptorchidism
112
___________ is most common type of cancer in men ages 20-25; tumour cells arise from spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules
testicular cancer
113
__________ in the canal, there is a weak spot in the abdominal wall part of an organ (most commonly large or small intestine) protrudes; ________ are less common in women due to small cannal's
inguinal hernia
114
__________ is a gland which hasn't gown since puberty begins to grow in a mature man; obstructs the urethra and possibly leading to constant urgency to urinate
benign prostatic hyperplasia
115
____1______ is growth of malignant cells in ___2____ gland; can metastasize to near by bones or lymph nodes
1) prostate cancer
| 2) prostate gland
116
___________ is growth of the endometrial tissue in the pelvix cavity via uterine tube openings; can grow on ovaries, sigmoid colon abdominal wall, kidneys and urinary bladder
endometriosis
117
_________________ infections (usually chlamydia) of female reproductive organs which may include cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and entire pelvic cavity
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
118
______________ is a collection of many signs and symptoms occurring in the time bwteen ovulation and menstruation, subsiding afterwards
premenstral syndrome (PMS)
119
_____________ weakening of uterine ligaments can result in uterine prolapse, due to age, disease, dramatic vaginal delivery, chronic straining due to constipation or coughing
uterine prolapse
120
___________ is growth of malignant cells in breast tissue which can metastasize to neighbouring lymph nodes, mm, bone and rest of body
breast cancer
121
___________ is development of cancerous cells in the lining of the cervix which can spread to the rest of cervix, uterus and other organs in the pelvic cavity
cervical cancer
122
_____________ is development of malignant tumours in the ovaries that can metastasize
ovarian cancer
123
_____________ is fluid-filled growths in the ovaries which may be benign
ovarian cysts
