Chapter 3 Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
How we can interrupted transmissiono of fecal-oral?
A
proper disposal of sewage
disinfection of drinking water
proper food preparation and storage
2
Q
Why we have a few M.O in the stomach and small intestine?
A
Because of hydrochloric acid that prudence in stomach
rapid
movement of food through the small intestine,
3
Q
Mention the types of antimicrobial that found in the small intestine?
A
Antimicrobial defenses granule-filled cells called Paneth cells.
Antimicrobial proteins called defenses
antibacterial enzyme
lysozyme.
4
Q
What is the cariogenic of dental plaques?
A
S.mutans a gram positive
5
Q
S. mutans is capable of ?
A
metabolizing a wide range of
carbohydrates, tolerates a high level of acidity, and synthesizes
dextran, a gummy polysaccharide of glucose molecules that is
an important factor in the formation of dental plaque
6
Q
What is the bacterial population of plaque
A
may harbor over 400
bacterial species but is predominantly streptococci and
filamentous members of the genus Actinomy
7
Q
What is Periodontal Disease
A
Inflammation and degeneration of structures
that support the teeth.
8
Q
What Periodontal Disease includes ?
A
Gingivitis
Periodontitis:
9
Q
What is the gingivitis?
A
infection is restricted to the gums,
10
Q
What is the Periodontitis?
A
chronic condition of Gingivitis.
11
Q
Mention types of digestive system diseases?
A
Infections and Intoxications
12
Q
Definition of Infections?
A
pathogen enters the GI tract and multiplies
13
Q
Definition of intoxication?
A
the ingestion of toxin
14
Q
What is the most bacteria cause intoxication?
A
Staphylococcus aureus.
15
Q
What are infections and intoxications cause ?
A
diarrhea,
16
Q
What is the dysentery?
A
diarrhea accompanied by blood or mucus
17
Q
What is gastroenteritis?
A
diseases causing
inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa.
18
Q
Mention the types of digestive system disease?
A
Infections and Intoxications
19
Q
Explain Infections and Intoxications
A
Infection occurs when a pathogen enters the GI tract and multiplies
Intoxication is caused by the ingestion of toxin.
20
Q
Most intoxications are caused by?
A
Staphylococcus aureus.
21
Q
What are infections and intoxications cause ?
A
cause diarrhea,
22
Q
What is the dysentery. ?
A
Diarrhea with blood or mucus
23
Q
What is the gastroenteritis ?
A
diseases causing inflammation of the stomach and intestinal mucosa.
24
Q
What is the leading cause of gastroenteritis?
A
staphylococcal food poisoning,
25
How intoxication caused ?
by ingesting an enterotoxin produced by S. aureus.
26
Mention the symptoms of(Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis)
?
,nausea, vomiting and diarrhea begins after 1-6 hrs after eating and lasting
for 24 hrs
27
What amebic dysentery infect?
human only.
28
Shigellosis, also known as
Bacillary Dysentery
29
The toxin in Shigellosis known as?
Shiga toxin
30
What is the primary site of Shigellosis ?
Where is Shigellosis proliferate to immense numbers ?
Bacteria attach to?
They proliferate to immense numbers in the small intestine, but
the primary site of disease is the large intestine. There, the
bacteria attach to epithelial M cells
31
What is the Treatment for Shigellosis ?
1- rehydration
| 2- Fluoroquinolon (ciprofloxacin) which eliminates gut excretion
32
What is the first invade for Salmonella?
intestinal mucosa and multiply there.
33
How does Salmonella get to the lymphatic and
| cardiovascular systems?
manage to pass
through the intestinal mucosa at M
cells to enter the lymphatic and
cardiovascular systems,
34
Salmonella infects :
animals and human
35
Are the Antibiotic therapy and rehydration effects salmonella ?
Antibiotic therapy is not useful, only
| rehydration are required
36
Salmonella cause?
toxemia and
| bloodstream infection may occur
37
What is the Treatment of salmonellosis?
Ciprofloxacin and Trimethoprim
38
Ciprofloxacin is used as treatment for ?
Salmonellosis
| Shigellosis
39
The bacterial disease typhoid fever caused by ?
The most virulent serotype of Salmonella, S. typhi
40
pathogen of Typhoid Fever found in ?
it’s spread only in the feces of other humans.
41
Can phagocytic cells destroyed S. typhi and why ?
No because S.typhi multiply within them and are disseminated into multiple organs, especially the spleen and liver
42
What is the symptoms for typhoid Fever?
high fever of about 40°C and continual headache.
43
What is the Treatment for typhoid Fever?
❖ceftriaxone (third-generation cephalosporin) or azithromycin.
44
What is The causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholera
45
Where is the cholera bacilli grow and produce what?
Cholera bacilli grow in the small intestine and produce an exotoxin.
46
What is the effect of cholera exotoxin on the host cells 🤔 🤔
That causes host cells to secrete water and electrolytes, especially potassium.
47
What is the rice water stools?
watery stools containing masses of intestinal mucus and epithelial cells
48
How many litters or gallons of fluid we lost?
12-30 liters or 3-5 gallons.
49
What is the Treatment for cholera ?
1. Replacement of fluids and electrolytes losses
| 2. Tetracycline effective in eliminating the vibrio from the bowel
50
What is the most causative agent for Noncholera Vibrios
?
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
51
Vibrio parahaemolyticus found in🤔🤔
Raw oysters and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs.
52
Example of crustaceans,? 🤔
shrimp and crabs.
53
Mention the location that effected by e.coli toxin?
intestinal epithelial cells
urinary tract
bloodstream
central nervous system
54
What are the pathotypes of e.coli
1. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
2. Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
3. Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
4. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
5. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
55
EPEC major cause for?
diarrhea in developing countries and is potentially fatal in infants
56
Talk about EIEC .
| EIEC has the same pathogen mechanism for ?
is generally agreed to be almost synonymous with
| Shigella—it has the same pathogenic mechanisms.
57
EAEC it is and where it is found?
group of coliforms found only in humans
58
EHEC produce ?
Shiga-like toxin.
59
ETEC secret ?
| Secretion cause
secrets enterotoxins that cause diarrhea
60
The common bacteria cause Traveler’s Diarrhea
ETEC and EAEC
61
Traveler’s diarrhea can also be caused by other gastrointestinal pathogens,
such as
* Salmonella,
* Shigella
* Campylobacter
62
What are the various that cause Traveler’s Diarrhea?
viruses, and protozoan parasites.
63
Talk about Campylobacter and what is cause ?
are gram-negative, microaerophilic, spirally curved bacteria that have emerged as the leading cause of tenesmus diarrhea.
64
Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis) caused by ?
Caused by C. jejuni.
65
How can we protect ourselves from Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis
)
thoroughly cooking chicken and pasteurizing milk.
66
Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis) transmitted by?
Usually transmitted in cow's milk
67
What is the Treatment of Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)?
Treated with azithromycin or erythromycin
68
Azithromycin is used as Treatment for ?
1-Typhoid Fever
| 2-Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter Gastroenteritis)
69
What is the responsible for most cases of peptic ulcer disease?
• Helicobacter
70
H. pylori can grow in
highly acidic environment of the stomach
71
What does H.pylori produce?
large amounts of urease
72
What is the effect of large amounts of urease?
converts urea to the alkaline compound ammonia.
73
What is the result of converts urea to the alkaline compound ammonia?
resulting in a locally high pH in the area of
| growth
74
Treatment of Helicobacter Peptic Ulcer Disease
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-BismolR) well as proton pump inhibitor
75
The most common food Poisoning is?
Clostridium perfringens
76
Talk about Clostridium perfringens.
It is a large, gram-positive, endospore-forming, obligate anaerobic rod.
77
Clostridium perfringens responsible for, what ?
human gas gangrene
78
Where is the microbe in Clostridium perfringens Gastroenteritis grow? And what is produce ? What is the effect of the product?
The microbe grows in the intestinal tract and produces an exotoxin that
causes the typical symptoms of abdominal pain and diarrhea.
79
Infections treatment could be with (in Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea)
Infections treatment could be with vancomycin although recurrence is
common
80
What are the targets of the mumps virus and why?
parotid glands,Because the parotids are one of the three pairs of salivary glands of the digestive system,
81
An infected person is most infective to others in ?
during the first 48 hours
| before clinical symptoms appear.
82
How did the various arrive to the salivary glands?
begun to multiply in the respiratory tract and local
| lymph nodes in the neck, they reach the salivary glands via the blood.
83
What is the Treatment for Mumps
attenuated live vaccine is available and is often administered
as part of the trivalent measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine
84
Mention the bacteria or OT factors that cause Hepatitis?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Drug and chemical toxicity can also cause acute hepatitis that is clinically
identical to viral hepatitis
85
What are the results of Drug and chemical toxicity?
can also cause acute hepatitis that is clinically identical to viral hepatitis.
86
1)Which type of hepatitis do not cause chronic disease and havethe same incubation period?
Which type of hepatitis have ingestion as method of transmission?
2) which type of hepatitis have high mortality for pregnant women?
1) HAV and HEV incubation period 2-6 weeks
| 2) HEV
87
1) Which type of hepatitis have parenteral: sexual contact as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
2) Which type of hepatitis have parenteral as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
3) which type of hepatitis have parenteral:requires coinfection with HBV as method of transmission and mention their incubation period?
4) Mention the types of the hepatitis that cause chronic diseases?
1) HBV 4-26 weeks
2) HCV 2-22 weeks
3) HDV 6-26 weeks
4) HBV/HCV/HDV
88
1) What is the symptoms of hepatitis A ?
2) What is the symptoms of hepatitis B ?
3) What is the symptoms of hepatitis C ?
4) What is the symptoms of hepatitis D ?
5) What is the symptoms of hepatitis E ?
1) Fever/headache/malaise/ jaundice
2) same HAV and liver damage without headache
3) same HAV
4) liver damage and high mortality
5) same HAV
89
What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis, especially in
children (rota = wheel)?
Rotavirus
90
1) What is the pathogen and symptoms and incubation period for mumps?
2) What is the pathogen and symptoms and incubation period for viral Gastroenteritis?
1)Mumps virus paramyxoviridae /painful swelling of parotid glands /16-18day.
2) rotavirus/vomiting diarrhea for 1 week /1-3 day
Norovirus / vomiting and diarrhea 2-3/18-48 hrs
91
What are the mycotoxins produced and what is cause ?
fungi cause blood diseases, nervous system disorders, kidney damage, liver damage, and even cancer
92
ergot poisoning caused by ?
Claviceps purpurea fungus causing smut infections on grain crops
93
What is the effect of ergot poisoning and the results?
The toxin can restrict blood flow in the limbs, resulting with gangrene.
94
hallucinogenic symptoms producing?
bizarre behavior similar to that caused by LSD.
95
Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced by?
the fungus Aspergillus flavus common mold and found in peanuts.
96
What is the pathogen for 1)ergot poisoning 2)Aflatoxin poisoning?
1) Claviceps purpurea
| 2) Aspergillus flavus,
97
What are the symptoms for 1)Claviceps purpurea 2)Aspergillus flavus ?
1) restrict blood flow in the limbs
| 2) liver cancer/ liver cirrhosis
98
Mention the host for 1) Claviceps purpurea 2)Aspergillus flavus ?
1) grain crops
| 2) food (found on peanuts)
99
What are the pathogens for 1)Giardiasis (flagellated protozoan) 2)Amebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)?
1) Giardia intestinalis
| 2) Entamoeba histolytica
100
What are the symptoms for 1)Giardiasis 2)Amebic dysentery?
1) protozoan adheres to intestinal wall may inhibit nutritional absorption: diarrhea
2) Amebic lyses epithelial cells in intestine causes abscesses significant mortality rate
101
Mention the host for 1)Giardiasis 2 )Amebic dysentery?
1) water mammals
| 2) Humans
102
What are the Platyhelminthes?
Tapeworms : Hydatid Disease (Echinococcus granulosus)
103
What are the Nematodes (mention)?
```
❖ Pinworms
❖ Hookworms
❖ Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
❖ Ascariasis
❖ Trichinellosis
```
104
What are the symptoms for 1) tapeworms 2) hydatid disease?
1) Adult cause few symptoms pork tapeworms larvae may encyst in many organs and cause damage 💔 😢
2) larvae form in body may be very large and cause damage
105
What are the intermediate and definitive host for 1) tapeworms 2) Amebic dysentery?
1) human,cattle,pigs,fish / human
| 2) human,sheep / dogs
106
What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for pinworms ?
Enterobius/ itching around anus/ both human
107
What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for hookworms ?
Necator americanus, Ancyclostoma duodenale/ Large infections may result in anemia/ larvae enter skin form soil , humans
108
What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for Ascariasis ?
Ascaris lumbricoides / helminths live off undigested intestinal contacts cause few symptoms/ human
109
What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for Whitworth?
Trichuris trichura/diarrhea malnutrition/both human
110
What are the pathogens,symptoms and host (intermediate!,definitive) for trichinellosis ?
Trichinella spiralis, T.nativa / larvae encyst in striated muscle; usually few symptoms but large damage may be fatal/ both mammals ( including humans)
