Chapter 3

Question 0

Who was the leader of the Pueblo Revolt of 1680?

Answer 0

Popé, a priest of the pueblo religion, led a successful revolt that temporarily ended Spanish rule. In 1962, Spanish regained control, loosening religious restrictions.

Question 1

To what was the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 a response?

Answer 1

It was a response to a Franciscan demand, that the Indians totally reject their traditional culture. The Franciscans wanted the indians to give up their practices and become catholic. They refused. This was in a settlement of New Mexico

Question 2

How did the Pueblos convert to Christianity?

Answer 2

Pueblos observed Catholicism in churches, and missionaries tolerated traditional practices away from the missions. The pueblos added God to their numerous deities. Church holidays were in included in their religious calendar and celebrated with native dances and rituals. The Indians celebrated all festivals with their own dances and rituals.

Question 3

How does the term “frontiers of inclusion” describe New Spain and New France?

Answer 3

New Spain and New France were called “frontiers of inclusion” because they were scarcely populated and included many natives in their societies. (The English are going to try to push the Indians away and keep them out. The Spanish and. The French incorporate them into their culture. The Spanish enslaved the Indians, the French were kinder to them.)

Question 4

Who was Juan de Onate?

Answer 4

He colonized New Mexico primarily to find gold and use Indian converts to mine it.

Question 5

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

Answer 5

He was the man who founded Quebec and laid the basis for the French fur trade.
•To exploit fur trade, French lived throughout region.
–Only French Catholics were permitted
•Quebec City was administrative center of vast French colonial empire.
•French had society of inclusion, intermarried with Indians.
–Formed alliances with Indians rather than conquering
–Missionaries attempted to learn more about Indian customs

Question 6

What was the real basis for French success in Canada?

Answer 6

Samuel de Champlain was leader and allied with Hurons against Iroquois. The French adapted to Indian ways

Question 7

Who were the coureurs de bois?

Answer 7

French fur traders who move into the woods and they lived with the Indians.

Question 8

Why did the population of New France grow slowly?

Answer 8

The population of New France grew slowly because the government restricted Catholics from going and the Huguenots (French version of Puritans) refused to go to New France.

Question 9

How is New France best described?

Answer 9

New France is best described as a commercial society based on a cooperative relationship with the natives.

Question 10

How could New France be compared to New Spain?

Answer 10

New France was more accepting of Indian ways and beliefs.

Question 11

What was the heart of New France?

Answer 11

The heart of New France comprised the communities stretching along the Saint Lawrence river, between the towns of Quebec and Montreal.

Question 12

Why was the Netherlands able to establish a colony in North America?

Answer 12

New Netherlands was able to establish a colony in North America for the following reasons:

• It formed an alliance with the the Iroquois, (A confederation of five tribes: Cayuga, Mohawks, Omondaga, Seneca, and Oneida) (Women chose the leaders, were able to divorce, and ran the show) (They could also be pretty violent.)
• It developed a prosperous urban with the first modern investment banks.
• It had a strong navy and a number of trading posts around the world/
• It had superior products of metal tools and firearms used for profitable trade.

Question 13

Who was responsible for the Dutch claim to land in North America?

Answer 13

The person responsible for the Dutch claim to land in North America was Henry Hudson. (He eventually claimed Hudson River) (He was an explorer for hire and worked for both the French and the Dutch)

Question 14

Three types of Colonies

Answer 14

Joint Stock Colonies: paid for by primitive form of corporation/company
Proprietary Colonies: property of individuals
Royal Colonies: colonies under control of the monarchies

Question 15

What was the political system of the Algonquian people in the Chesapeake known as?

Answer 15

Algonquian people numbered about 14,000 and a powerful confederacy headed by Powhatan confronted the English. Their political system was known as the Powhatan Confederacy.

Question 16

Why did the English have no qualms about occupying Jamestown and claiming Virginia as theirs (When there were 14K Indians living there)?

Answer 16

The English had no qualms about occupying Jamestown and claiming Virginia as theirs because they argued that the Indians were mere savages and wild animals and outside the bounds of civilization. They were not considered to be human beings.

Question 17

Why were the early years at Jamestown difficult?

Answer 17

The early years at Jamestown were difficult for all the following reasons:

• Powhatan came to understand the english were there to take Virginia.
• The colonists’ increasing demands led to war with Powhatan.
• The English did not find gold, and suffered from starvation.
• In the winter of 1609-1610, more than 400 colonists died of starvation

Question 18

The Virginia Company, which founded Jamestown in 1607, was a

What kind of company was the Virginia Company, which founded Jamestown in 1607?

Answer 18

Joint Stock

Question 19

What did the company give colonists in Virginia who transported workers to Virginia at their own expense?

Answer 19

If colonists in Virginia transported workers at their own expense, the company gave them lands called Headright grants (50 acres for every person brought over.). Wealthy landowners payed for those who couldn’t afford to go to the new world as long as they worked to pay them. The rich got richer, and the poor got poorer.

Question 20

What were the results of Jamestown adopting tobacco as its chief product?

Answer 20

• A development of a landed elite (elite because they had a lot of land) and poor underclass.
• A need for workers, which lead to more immigration
• The demand for more land as the society became agricultural
• Tobacco provided the Virginia Company with the first return on their investments.

Question 21

What were the reasons for Opechancanough’s uprising of 1622?

Answer 21

The colonists´s demand for more land to grow tobacco, the colonists murder of the Shaman Nemattanew, the decrease in the possibility of inclusion with the Indians after Pocohantas’ death, and the English refusal to incorporate the Indians in trade and as workers.

Question 22

To what did the ten-year war following Opechancanough’s uprising of 1622 lead?

Answer 22

The ten year war following Opechanacanough´s uprising of 1622 led to James 1 converting Virginia into a royal colony. The were no longer under the authority of the Virginia Company, but the king.

Question 23

What led to Virginia becoming a “frontier of exclusion”?

Answer 23

After the adoption of tobacco, the English colony ofV irginia attracted more Englishmen and women, had less reason to include Indians and became of a frontier of exclusion.
–The colony grew without having to rely on Indian intermarriage thus pushing the Indians off of their land.
–Disease claimed many English settlers.
•Conflicts between Algonquians and English occurred from 1622-1632 and again in 1644
•Defeat in 1644 was the last Indian resistance by the Powhatan Confederacy.

Question 24

What authority did the House of Burgesses have, and when was it established?

Answer 24

It was established in 1619 and the authority was over taxes and finances.

Question 25

``` Why was the colony of Maryland distinctive? Charles I (Lord Baltimore) granted it to the Calverts who made it a Catholic refuge ```

Answer 25

Why was the colony of Maryland distinctive? - Charles I granted it to the Calvert (Lord Baltimore's family name) who made it a Catholic refuge. Elizabeth I (family name - Tudor) her cousin, James VI (scotland) took over and became James I (Stewart or Stuart) - king when Jamestown was founded his son - Charles I - had to borrow money from Catholic Lord Baltimore and paid him back by giving him Maryland then Charles II, and James II - brothers. sons of Charles I James II's son was not allowed to throne as he was catholic, and the throne went to James II's daughter Mary (who married William)

Question 26

What kind of economy did Maryland establish in 1640?

Answer 26

A plantation economy based strictly on the head-right system. (You got 50 acres of land for each person [head] you paid to come over. The rich became richer, and the poor became poorer. They had to work to pay you back.)

Question 27

What kind of colony was Maryland?

Answer 27

Proprietary Colony, the Calvets were the sole owner of all the land. (Their coat of arm is still in existence on their state items. It was the first proprietary colony.)

Question 28

To whom does the term “indentured servants” refer?

Answer 28

Men and women who contracted to work for a master0 during a fixed term. (Specifically contracted to work for a master in the Americas for3-7 years, in return for the cost of transportation across the Atlantic.

Question 29

To what does the term “freedom dues” refer?

Answer 29

Compensation such as tools, clothing, or a gun which indentured servants received after completing their contract.

Question 30

What were signs of weak community life in the Chesapeake?

Answer 30

The high death rate and crude living conditions of the people.

Question 31

What does the chart on population growth in the British colonies show?

Answer 31

The line for population starting in 1630 goes straight up until 1680. The chart for population growth in the British colonies shows sharp increases with the establishment of the restoration colonies after 1680. (The restoration is when King Charles comes back and gives out more proprietary properties/colonies

Question 32

Who were the Puritans?

Answer 32

English Calvanists, followers of John Calvin (a protestant leader like Martin Luther), who wished to reform the Church of England, and remove all remains of Catholicism.

Question 33

To what does the term “High Church policies” refer?

Answer 33

The religious policies and practices favored by Charles I, that emphasized the authority of the clerical hierarchy (priests and bishops). (Protestants wanted to do away with priests and bishops and have someone more like them who would lead.) (Charles I discouraged the ideals of religious policies.)

Question 34

What characterized the Puritans in England?

Answer 34

The belief that doing well materially was a way of glorifying God.

Question 35

What policies of Charles I promoted the Puritan migration to New England?

Answer 35

The Puritans migrations to New England was promoted when Charles I dismissed parliament and thereby reduced its members' ability to express their views.

Question 36

How was the Puritans’ opposition to having a church hierarchy interpreted in England?

Answer 36

The Puritans' opposition to having a church hierarchy was interpreted in England as opposition toward the monarchy

Question 37

What did the Pilgrims encounter when they arrived in New England?

Answer 37

They encountered friendly Pokanokets Indians who offered them food and advice.

Question 38

Who were the Separatists?

Answer 38

Separatist were English protestants who believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved. Thought that God was going to punish England because they were too much like the Catholics. Thought that the Catholics were going to hell. (Puritans)

Question 39

What was the Mayflower Compact?

Answer 39

It was the document that created a civil body politic and a measure of self government among the pilgrims.

Question 40

To what does the term “Great Migration” refer?

Answer 40

When the Puritans sailed to New England, and established the Massachusett's Bay Colony, the movement became known as the great migration. Led by John Winthrop, approx 20k people migrated between 1629 and 1643. Pilgrams/Seperatists- Plymouth, 1620, hated Catholic influences and thought God would send anyone in the Church of England to hell. The Indians helped them, and they helped the Indians. Puritans- Massachusetts Bay, 1630, wanted to purify the Church of England, wanted to establish a model city

Question 41

Who was John Winthrop, and what did he advocate?

Answer 41

He was the first governor of Massachusetts Bay. He advocated building a model society that would act as an example for England. He referred to the settlement as a "City on a Hill"

Question 42

What was the Massachusetts Bay colony like politically?

Answer 42

It began as a joint-stock colony, that was gradually transformed into a more democratic government as most males gained a voice in government. (Started as people working for a company, but they changed the framework to get elected officials.

Question 43

Why were the Puritan’s allies, the Narragansett, critical of the Puritans?

Answer 43

They thought that the English way of making war was too bloodthirsty because the Puritans slaughtered men, women and children, in the Pequot War of 1637.

Question 44

To what does the term “newcomer market” refer?

Answer 44

The early Puritan economy's dependence on selling land and supplies to arriving immigrants.

Question 45

When did the Puritans’ emigration decline, and how did their economy change?

Answer 45

After the end of the English civil war in 1649, the Puritans emigration from England declined, and they adopted a carrying trade reaching the West Indies, England and Africa.

Question 46

What characterized the community life of the Puritans?

Answer 46

A belief in a social hierarchy ordained by God, towns centered on churches and schools rather than on individual plantations, subordination of women to men, and suspicion of independent women (women who were not part of a family unit), a high degree of discipline and respect within the family and community.

Question 47

What did the Salem witchcraft trials and other witchcraft scares reflect?

Answer 47

Reflected a demand for women to conform to the society's standards

Question 48

Who was Anne Bradstreet?

Answer 48

She was the first published poet in New England

Question 49

To what did religious disagreement in Massachusetts Bay lead?

Answer 49

Anne Hutchinson's banishment for criticizing ministers for their pope-ish attention on good works. Roger William's banishment for advocating church and state (he was an extreme seperatist who shunned anyone or anything who had to do with the Church of England.) Thomas Hooker's decision to found a colony in Connecticut (disagreed with Church policy). The founding of New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island were created as a spin-off colonies by 1691.

Question 50

Who was the principal founder of Rhode Island?

Answer 50

Roger Williams (They were the first colony with the total seperation of church and state and total religious freedom)

Question 51

What were proprietary colonies?

Answer 51

These were colonies that the King granted to individuals who then had total control over them.

Question 52

What characterized the early settlements in Carolina?

Answer 52

That to reward his supporters when he was restored to the crown, King Charles II initiated the founding of new colonies along theAtlantic Coast. They included several different kinds of people from poor farmers to rich barbadians (people from Barbados) to African slaves..

Question 53

How did New Netherland become New York?

Answer 53

It became New York as a result of a competition and a series of wars between England and Holland after 1650.

Question 54

What did he mean when William Penn said he wanted Pennsylvania to be a “holy experiment”?

Answer 54

A society dedicated to principles such as religious freedom and fair treatment of the Indians.

Question 55

Which colonies were Restoration colonies?

Answer 55

Carolina, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania.

Question 56

Who was Metacom?

Answer 56

Metacom was a leader/sachem/chief of the Pokanokets in what was called King Phillip's war. Also known as King Phillip. (he had began christian and had been baptized)

Question 57

Why did King Philip’s War occur?

Answer 57

Occurred because the colonists were willing to destroy Indian villages to gain land and to assert their ways.

Question 58

What was the Covenant Chain of 1677?

Answer 58

The alliance between the colony of New York and the Iroquois Confederacy.

Question 59

What was Bacon’s Rebellion, and what did it reveal?

Answer 59

In the 1670s conflicts erupted between Virginia settlers and the Susquehannocks on the upper Potomac River Nathaniel Bacon demanded the death or removal of all indians from the colony The governor attempted to suppress unauthorized military expeditions Bacon and his followers rebelled against Virginia's royal governor, pillaging the capital of Williamsburg. When Bacon died of dysentery, his rebellion collapsed. Planters feared former servants would remain disruptive and turned toAfrican slave labor. It revealed that there was a growing conflict in the colonies between frontier and coastal areas

Question 60

What was Culpeper’s Rebellion?

Answer 60

The uprising in North Carolina in 1677 by the back country settlers agains the colony authorities efforts to control their affairs.

Question 61

What was the central goal of the colonist in the Wars of the South?

Answer 61

Their goal in the Wars of the South was to use Indian allies to capture other Indians for sale into slavery. (Check powerpoint)

Question 62

Who were the “mustees”?

Answer 62

Racial, ethinic group formed from the offspring of female indian captives and male african slaves.

Question 63

What change in the English monarchy resulted from the Glorious Revolution of 1688?

Answer 63

The English Monarchy became a constitutional monarchy, there were limits on the power of the monarch - no longer absolute.

Question 64

What English monarchs agreed to these arrangements?

Answer 64

William and Mary

Question 65

KNOW WHAT THE GLORIOUS REVOLTION AND THE RESTORATION ARE

Answer 65

B