Chapter 3

Question 1

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Answer 1

Consciousness

Question 2

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication)

Answer 2

Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 3

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Answer 3

Selective Attention

Question 4

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 4

Inattentional Blindness

Question 5

Failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness

Answer 5

Change blindness

Question 6

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

Answer 6

Dual Processing

Question 7

A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

Answer 7

Blindsight

Question 8

Processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously

Answer 8

Parallel Processing

Question 9

Processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems

Answer 9

Sequential Processing

Question 10

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness— as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

Answer 10

Sleep

Question 11

Our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, or temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle

Answer 11

Circadian Rhythm

Question 12

A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

Answer 12

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM, Paradoxical Sleep, R Sleep)

Question 13

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Answer 13

Alpha Waves

Question 14

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

Answer 14

Hallucinations

Question 15

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Answer 15

Delta Waves

Question 16

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Answer 16

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Question 17

Ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep

Answer 17

Insomnia

Question 18

Sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

Answer 18

Narcolepsy

Question 19

Stopping breathing repeatedly while sleeping

Answer 19

Sleep apnea

Question 20

Doing normal waking activities while asleep

Answer 20

Sleepwalking, sleeptalking

Question 21

Appearing terrified, talking nonsense, sitting up, or walking around during N3 sleep; different from nightmares

Answer 21

Night Terrors

Question 22

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Answer 22

Dreams

Question 23

According to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream

Answer 23

Manifest Content

Question 24

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

Answer 24

Latent Content

Question 25

The dream theory that dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” —expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; dreams contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content

Answer 25

Freud’s wish-fulfillment

Question 26

The dream theory that dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

Answer 26

Information-processing

Question 27

The dream theory that regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

Answer 27

Physiological Function

Question 28

The dream theory that REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

Answer 28

Activation Synthesis

Question 29

The dream theory that dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development— their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios

Answer 29

Cognitive Development

Question 30

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation

Answer 30

REM rebound

Question 31

A chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perceptions and moods

Answer 31

Psychoactive Drugs

Question 32

A disorder characterized by continued substance use despite significant life disruption

Answer 32

Substance use disorder

Question 33

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Answer 33

Depressants

Question 34

Alcohol use marked by a combination of symptoms that may include tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use.

Answer 34

Alcohol Use Disorder

Question 35

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judegemt

Answer 35

Barbiturates

Question 36

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Answer 36

Opioids

Question 37

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, and ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions

Answer 37

Stimulant

Question 38

Drugs (such as methamphetamine) that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Answer 38

Amphetamines

Question 39

A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products

Answer 39

Nicotine

Question 40

A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

Answer 40

Cocaine

Question 41

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, reduces baseline dopamine levels

Answer 41

Methamphetamine

Question 42

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Answer 42

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 43

Psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Answer 43

Hallucinogens

Question 44

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

Answer 44

Near-death Experience

Question 45

A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

Answer 45

LSD

Question 46

The major mind-altering ingredient in marijuana

Answer 46

THC