Chapter 3

Question 1

Gender Stereotypes Don’t Die Easily

Answer 1

-1970’s women began complaining about negative portrayals of women
-2013 Todd complained that men now seem in a similar position without complaints

Question 2

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 2

Generalized beliefs and attitudes about masculinity and femininity
-Including psychological traits & characteristics
-Activities appropriate to men or women

Question 3

Doctrine of 2 Spheres

Answer 3

Belief that men and women have different interests & roles that do not overlap (opposites)
-Arose during Industrial Rev.
(agricultural to industrial, men took jobs outside of home, women responsible for home & family)

Question 4

Cult of True Womanhood

Answer 4

Glorified image of Victorian Women
-Piety (religious), purity, domesticity and submissiveness
-Without these, women life has no meaning

Question 5

4 Themes of Male Sex Role Identity

Answer 5

No Sissy Stuff (not like women)
The Big Wheel (success & status)
Give ‘Em Hell (aggression, daring, violence)
The Sturdy Oak (toughness, confidence, self-reliance)

Question 6

Gender-Role Strain Paradigm

Answer 6

Result of the 60’s & 70’s where men & women started to stray from tradition gender
-Roles for men are contradictory & successful
-Violating roles has worse consequences for men
-Some characteristics prescribed by roles are maldaptive

Question 7

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 7

Attempts to subordinate women and less accepted versions of masculinity

Question 8

Terman’s Attitude Interest Analysis Survey

Answer 8

Masculine/feminine on one dimension
M——————-F
Scores differentiate men from women

Question 9

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Answer 9

(Unidimensional & bipolar)
Measuring male homosexual tendencies

Question 10

Unidimensional Approach

Answer 10

M———–F

Question 11

Two-Dimensional Approach

Answer 11

Low———————–High
M
Low————————High
F

Question 12

Androgyny

Answer 12

Mixture of both masculine and feminine characteristics

Question 13

Bem Sex Role Inventory

Answer 13

2 dimensional
1 scale masc, 1 scale fem
Masculine, feminine, androgynous, undifferentiated

Question 14

Attitudes

Answer 14

Explicit: consciously aware (ex opinions)
Implicit: not consciously aware of biases

Question 15

Implicit Association Test

Answer 15

Measures how long it takes participants to react to similarity of word pairs (stereotypical associations are faster(

Question 16

Advantages & Disadvantages of Stereotyping

Answer 16

Streamlines cognitive processes
But creates distortions and incorrect generalizations

Question 17

Prejudice & Discrimination

Answer 17

Negative evaluation of an entire group (attitude)
Differential treatment (Behaviour)

Question 18

Perception

Answer 18

Basis for cognitive processing hat can become a stereotype
Attribute stereotypes more strongly to others than ourselves
Stereotypes affect:
-traits
-behaviour
-appearance
-occupations

Question 19

Stereotypes Changing

Answer 19

-More flexibility to women in mens roles than men in women’s roles, masculine traditions more stable
-Women believe men hold more stereotypes than they do (negative stereotyping)

Question 20

Illusory Correlation

Answer 20

Belief that a correlation exists or that it is stronger than it actually is, contributes to maintaining stereotypes

Question 21

Development of Stereotypes in Children

Answer 21

-Age 2: applying gender labels
-Age 3: signs of stereotyping
-Starts with own sex
-Flexible application until 5-7

Question 22

Negative Impact of Stereotyping

Answer 22

Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotype threat:
-Fear of being negatively stereotyped
-Accepts self concept
-Influences women & ethnic minorities to perform more poorly

Question 23

Ambivalent Sexism

Answer 23

Hostile sexism: negative attitudes toward women

Question 24

Benevolent Sexism

Answer 24

Positive attitudes that serve to belittle women and keep them subservient (women as weaker, less competent)

Question 25

Cultures in the USA

Answer 25

African American & Caucasian women hold similar conceptualization of womanhood
Hispanic women more than Hispanic men cause use their ethnic identity as positive in school
For African Americans, majority race of famous is more of factor than gender for feeling stereotyped

Question 26

Similarities & differences in gender globally

Answer 26

Male- instrumental or agentic
Female - expressive or communal
No single gender description applies to all cultures
More similarities than differences by not universal
Differs by ethic group and geography