Chapter 3

Question 1

A theory where an acid is a substance that can donate (lose) a proton; a base is a substance that can accept (or remove) a proton

Answer 1

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory

Question 2

A substance that can donate (or lose) a proton

Answer 2

Brønsted-Lowry acid

Question 3

A substance that can accept (or remove) a proton

Answer 3

Brønsted-Lowry base

Question 4

A chemical species that bears an electrical charge

Answer 4

Ion

Question 5

The molecule or ion that forms when an acid loses its proton

Answer 5

Conjugate base

Question 6

The molecule or ion that forms when a base accepts a proton

Answer 6

Conjugate acid

Question 7

A substance that can transfer two protons

Answer 7

Diprotic acid

Question 8

When an ionic compound dissolves in water

Answer 8

Solvated

Question 9

Ions that play no part in the acid-base reaction

Answer 9

Spectator ions

Question 10

A reaction involving ions as reactants, intermediates, or products; occur through the heterolysis of covalent bonds

Answer 10

Ionic reaction

Question 11

Show the direction of electron flow in a reaction mechanism; point from source of electron or electron pair to the atom receiving the electron or electron pair. Double-barbed arrows indicate movement of a pair of electrons; single-barbed arrows indicate the movement of a single electron. They are never used to show the movement of atoms

Answer 11

Curved arrows

Question 12

An acid is an electron pair acceptor, and a base is an electron pair donor

Answer 12

Lewis acid-base theory

Question 13

Is an electron pair acceptor

Answer 13

Lewis acid

Question 14

Is an electron pair donor

Answer 14

Lewis base

Question 15

The cleavage of a covalent bond so that one fragment departs with both of the electrons of the covalent bond that joined them; normally produces positive and negative ions

Answer 15

Heterolysis

Question 16

A chemical species in which a trivalent carbon atom bears a formal positive charge

Answer 16

Carbocation

Question 17

A chemical species in which a carbon atom bears a formal negative charge

Answer 17

Carbanion

Question 18

A Lewis acid, an electron-pair acceptor, an electron-seeking reagent

Answer 18

Electrophile

Question 19

A Lewis base, an electron pair donor that seeks a positive center in a molecule

Answer 19

Nucleophile

Question 20

The strength of an acid is related to its acidity content, Ka or to its pKa. The larger the value of the Ka or the smaller the value of its pKa, the stronger the acid

Answer 20

Acid strength

Question 21

An equilibrium constant related to the strength of an acid

Answer 21

Acidity constant (Ka)

Question 22

A constant that expresses the position of an equilibrium; it’s calculated by multiplying the molar concentrations of the products together and then dividing this number by the number obtained by multiplying together the molar concentrations of the reactants

Answer 22

Equilibrium constant (Keq)

Question 23

The negative logarithm of the acidity content, Ka

Answer 23

pKa

Question 24

The strength of a base is inversely related to the strength of its conjugate acid; weaker the conjugate acid, the stronger the base. If the conjugate acid has a large pKa, the base will be strong

Answer 24

Base strength

Question 25

The molecule or ion that forms when an acid loses its proton

Answer 25

Conjugate base

Question 26

An intrinsic electron-attracting or electron-releasing effect that results from a nearby dipole in the molecule and that is transmitted through space and through the bonds of a molecule

Answer 26

Inductive effect

Question 27

The capacity to do work

Answer 27

Energy

Question 28

Results from the motion of an object

Answer 28

Kinetic energy

Question 29

Stored energy; it exists when attractive or repulsive forces exist between objects

Answer 29

Potential energy

Question 30

The change in enthalpy after a system in its standard state has undergone a transformation to another system, also in its standard state

Answer 30

Enthalpy change (dH*)

Question 31

A reaction that evolves heat; for this type of reaction, dH* is negative

Answer 31

Exothermic reaction

Question 32

A reaction that absorbs heat; for this type of reaction, dH* is positive

Answer 32

Endothermic reaction

Question 33

The change in free energy between two systems in their standard states

Answer 33

Free-energy change (dG*)

Question 34

The change in entropy between two systems in their standard states; the more random a system is, the greater its entropy

Answer 34

Entropy change (dS*)

Question 35

An effect by which a substituent exerts either an electron-releasing or electron-withdrawing effect through the pi system of the molecule

Answer 35

Resonance

Question 36

The dispersal of electrons (or of electrical charge); always stabilizes a system

Answer 36

Delocalization effect

Question 37

An effect on the rate of reaction (or on the equilibrium constant) caused by the replacement of a hydrogen atom by another atom or group; includes those effects caused by the size of the atom or group, called steric effects, and those effects caused by the ability of the group to release or withdraw electrons, called electronic effects

Answer 37

Substituent effect

Question 38

A solvent whose molecules have a hydrogen atom attached to a strongly electronegative element such as oxygen or nitrogen

Answer 38

Protic solvent

Question 39

The conjugate acid of an alcohol

Answer 39

Protonated alcohol/alkyloxonium ion

Question 40

A chemical species with an oxygen atom that bears a formal positive charge

Answer 40

Oxonium ion

Question 41

A step-by-step description of the events that are postulated to take place at the molecular level as reactants are converted to products

Answer 41

Reaction mechanisms

Question 42

A reaction in which one group replaces another in a molecule

Answer 42

Substitution reaction

Question 43

An effect that restricts the use of certain solvents with strong acids and bases. On principle, no acid stronger than the conjugate acid of a particular solvent can exist to an appreciable extent in that solvent, and no base stronger than the conjugate base of the solvent can exist to an appreciable extent in that solvent

Answer 43

Leveling effect of a solvent

Question 44

Alkynes with a proton attached to a triply bonded carbon

Answer 44

Terminal alkynes

Question 45

RO- ions

Answer 45

Alkoxide ions