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Biol235 Quiz 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Three parts of a cell

A

Cytosol: ICF (water, dissolved solutes, suspended material)

Organelles: specific functions/shape

Nucleus: houses DNA has chromosomes (single molecule of DNA) that contain genes

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2
Q

Cytoplasm vs cytosol

A

Cytoplasm: houses everything in a cell besides membrane/nucleus

Cytosol: fluid portion of cytoplasm

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3
Q

Lipid Bilayer characteristics

A

75% phospholipids (amphiatic), cholesterol (amphiatic), glycolipids (only in layer facing ECF)

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4
Q

Protein arrangement in lipid bilayer (integral, trasbmembrane, glycoproteins, peripheral)

A

Integral: firmly embedded into/through lipid bilayer (amphiatic)

Transmembrane proteins: integral proteins protruding into Cytosol/ECF

Glycoproteins: integral proteins with carbohydrate group attached

Peripheral Proteins: not firmly embedded, attracted to polar head/integral proteins

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5
Q

Ion channels

A

Selective pores/holes for ions to travel

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6
Q

Carriers/transporters

A

Move polar substance/ion

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7
Q

Receptor

A

Cellular recognition sites, binds specific ligand

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8
Q

Enzyme

A

Catalyze chemical reactions

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9
Q

Linker

A

Anchor proteins together or to microfilaments

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10
Q

Cell identity marker

A

Recognize cells/respond

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11
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Double bond=kink=can’t pack together tightly=fluidity

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12
Q

Selective permeability

A

Some substances pass more easily than other in lipid bilayer
More hydrophobic/lipid soluble=more permeable

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13
Q

Highly permeable substances

A

Non polar, CO2, steroids

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14
Q

Moderately permeable substances

A

Small uncharged, polar molecules

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15
Q

Impermeable substances

A

Ions, large uncharged polar

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16
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Electrical: inner surface plasma membrane=neg charge, outer surface=pos charge

Concentration: difference in concentration

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17
Q

Membrane potential

A

Electrical gradient across membrane

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18
Q

Passive transport/what makes it easier

A

No energy, move down gradient

Steepness of concentration gradient: higher concentration difference= faster
Temperature: higher temp=faster
Mass of diffusing substance: larger mass=slower
Surface area: larger SA=faster
Diffusion distance: greater distance=slower

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19
Q

Active transport def/types

A

Energy used, moves against gradient

Primary active
Secondary active
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Bull phase endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis

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20
Q

Passive transport types

A

Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

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21
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement down fence ration gradient not using transmembrane proteins

-nonpolar, hydrophobic solutes: (O2,CO2,N gases)

fatty acids, steroids, fat soluble vitamins

-polar molecules : water, urea, small alcohols

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22
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Simple but uses tans-membrane proteins (carriers/channels)

-polar or charged solutes, glucose, fructose, galactose, vitamins, K+, Cl-, Na+, Ca2+

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from high to low water concentration

-solvent: water

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24
Q

Primary active transport

A

Against concentration gradient by pumps using energy supplied by hydrolysis of ATP

Ions: Na, K, Ca, H, I, Cl (pretend they have charges)

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25
Secondary active transport
Uses energy indirectly Anitporters: move 2 substances in opp direction Symporters: move 2 substances in same direction
26
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Ligand-receptor complexes trigger infolding of clathrin-coated pit that forms a vesicle containing ligands -transferrin, low density lipoproteins, vitamins, hormones, antibodies
27
Phagocytosis
Cell eating -bacteria, viruses, dead/aged cells
28
Bulk phase endocytosis
Cell drinking -solutes in ECF
29
Exocytosis
Move substances out of a cell in secretory vesicles -neurotransmitters, hormones, digestive enzymes
30
Transcytosis
Endocytosis on one side Exocytosis on the other -antibodies between blood plasma and interstitial fluid
31
Cytoplasm structure/function
Cytosol: 55% of cell volume, mostly water -sure if chemical reactions Cytoskeleton: made of protein filaments, extends through Cytosol -microfilaments -intermediate filaments -microtubules
32
Microfilaments
Thinnest Generate movement/provide support (microvilli=increase SA)
33
Intermediate filaments
Stabilize position of organelles/attach cells to one another
34
Microtubules
Made of tubulin Shape of cell/movement of organelles/specialized cell projections
35
Centrosome
Microtubules organizing center Pair of centrioles+pericentriolar matrix Contains tubulins for growth of mitotic spindle/microtubule formation
36
Cilia/flagella
Cilia: oar beating, move fluid along cells surface Flagella: wavelike, move entire cell
37
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis Along ER, in nucleus, along nuclear membrane
38
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough: has ribosome, folded along nuclear membrane - produce secretory, membrane, organellar proteins Smooth: no ribosomes, extend from rough -synthesize fatty acids/steroid, inactivates/detoxifies drugs, removed phosphate group from glucose-6-phosphate, releases calcium ions that trigger contraction in cells
39
Golgi complex
Consist of 3-20 cisterns Entry, medial, exit face -proteins move from entry to exit by transport vesicles, leave through secretly/membrane vesicles after being modified/sorted/packaged
40
Lysosomes
Vesicles formed from golgi complex Powerful digestive/hydrolytic enzymes that break molecules once lysosomes fuse with vesicle, recycle worn out cell structures
41
Autophagy
Digestion of organelles
42
Autolysis
Digestion of entire cell
43
Perioxomes
Contain several oxidases (enzymes that oxidize several substances)
44
Proteasomes
Destruction of uneeded/damaged/faulty proteins
45
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell/generate most ATP External and internal (mitochondrial cristae (folds), mitochondrial matrix) membrane
46
Structure/function of nucleus
Nuclear envelope: double membrane=lipid bolsters Nuclear pores: openings controlling movements between cytoplasm and nucleus Chromosomes: consists of genes confront cellular structures/functions
47
Genes
Hereditary unburden, arranged along chromosomes
48
Nucleoli
Produce ribosomes Synthesize rRNA
49
Chromatin
Forms chromosomes, bead on string structure
50
Neculosome
Bead of chromatin Histones: 8 form bead
51
Linker DNA
String of chromatin
52
Genome
Genetic information in a cell/organism
53
Protein synthesis events
Transcription Translation
54
Transcription
mRNA binds to ribosomal subunit, initiator tRNA binds to start codon on mRNA, codes for methionine Large+small ribosomal attatch=functioning ribosome, imitator tRNA with methionine go to P site Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA at A site Amino acid on tRNA at P site form peptide bond with amino acid at A 2-peptide born moves fully to A site Everything shifts one codon A—>P, P—>E Continuous until stop codon UAG
55
Protein synthesis site letters order
E,P,A
56
Somatic cell division
Mitosis (interphase, mitotic phase) Cytokinesis
57
Interphase
G1: cel metabolically active, duplicates organs/cystolic components, centrosome replication begins (8-10 hours) S: DNA replicated (8 hours) G2: growth continues, enzymes/proteins synthesized, centrosome replication completed (4-6 hours) G0: nondividing cell
58
Mitotic phase
Prophase: chromatin divers condense/shorten into chromosomes, centrosome from mitotic spindle, chromatids separate, nucleus/nuclear envelope disappears Metaphase centromere align along. Metaphase plate Anaphase: centromeres split=seperate chromatid pairs into chromosome Telophase: chromosomes uncoil to chromatin form, nucleolus reappears, mitotic spindle breaks
59
Cytokinesis
Cleave furrow, contractile ring tightens until cell splits Starts during late anaphase
60
Reproduce cell division
Meiosis 1 Meiosis 2
61
Meiosis 1
Prophase 1: -synopsis: two sister chromatids of each pair of homologous chromosomes pair off -tetrads: resulting 4 chromatids form tetrad -crossing over: exchange of genes between chromatids -genetic recombination: formation of new gene combination Anaphase: paired chromosomes remain together Otherwise same as mitosis
62
Meiosis 2
Same as mitosis but ends with four haploid cells genetically different from starting cell, don’t copy DNA in interphase 2
63
Size of cells
Micrometers: 1/1000000 of a meter 8micrometers to 140 micrometers
64
Shape of cells
RBC: flat for SA for oxygen passing Microvilli on epithelial cells: increase SA for digestion in GI Nerves: long extension to conduct never impulses over great distances Smooth muscle cell: log spindle shape contracts to allow more/Les blood flow
65
Crenation
Water molecules leave cell shrinking them
66
Hemolysis
RBC burst from too much water
67
Tonicity
Measure of the solutions ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content
68
Isotonic solution
Cells maintain regular shape
69
Hypotonic solution
Lower concentration of solutes than Cytosol in cells
70
Hypertonic solution
Higher concentration of solutes than Cytosol in cells
71
Aquaporins
Integral membrane proteins acting as a water channel
72
Hydrostatic pressure vs osmotic pressure
Pushing force due to more fluid in one area Pulling force due to solutes in one area
73
Autophagosome
Vesicle created by ER to first organelle during autophagy
74
Apoptosis
Orderly genetic programming of a cells death
75
Proteome
All of an organisms proteins
76
Codon
3 nucleotides ex AUG
77
Genetic code
Set of rules relating base triplet of DNA codon to RNA/amino acids
78
Somatic cell
Anything other than a germ cell
79
Germ cell
Gamete (sperm, oocyte)
80
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
81
Haploid
1 set of chromosomes

Biol235 Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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