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Biology 1st Year > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for magnification

A

Size of image / size of object

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2
Q

Convert mm to nanometers

A

x 1000

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3
Q

Convert nanometers to micrometers

A

x 1000

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4
Q

Definition of magnification

A

How much bigger a sample appears to be under the microscope than it is in real life

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5
Q

Definition of resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two points on an image

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6
Q

What limits the resolution of an image?

A

The wavelength of radiation used to view the sample

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7
Q

What is a fungi cell wall made out of?

A

Chitin

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8
Q

What is a plant cell wall made out of?

A

Cellulose

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9
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell wall made out of?

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

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10
Q

What is the nucleoid?

A

A single circular DNA molecule in a prokaryotic cell that:
- free-floats in the cytoplasm
- is not associated with histones proteins
- doesn’t contain introns.

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11
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular DNA containing the cell’s genetic code

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12
Q

What can plasmids do?

A

They can code for antibiotic resistance and can be sent from one prokaryote into another.

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13
Q

What is the flagellum?

A

A hair like structure that rotates to propel the prokaryote, facilitating directional movement.

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14
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

An extra layer on top of the cell wall present in some prokaryotes.

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15
Q

What does a slime capsule do?

A

It prevents the prokaryotic cell from drying out and makes the cell slippery so bacteria cannot be engulfed by white blood cells.

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16
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Translates mRNA into proteins

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The largest organelle in the cell, containing the genetic information

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18
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It surrounds the nucleus, it contains chromosomes and a dense solid structure called nucleolus

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19
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

It is involved in ribosome synthesis

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20
Q

What is the rough ER?

A

It has ribosomes and is a site of protein synthesis

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21
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

It has no ribosomes and is the site for lipid and carbohydrate metabolism (including hormone synthesis)

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22
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Flattened disc shaped sacs that are stacked on top of each other.

23
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

It Processes, packages, transports and modifies the proteins

24
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

It is located on the outside of the cell. It is a bilayer made of phospholipids

25
What does the plasma membrane do?
It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
26
What is the mitochondria?
An organelle bounded by a double membrane, usually rod shaped.
27
What does mitochondria do?
The inner membrane is folded into cristae where ATP is generated by the cell by aerobic respiration.
28
What is the matrix?
The fluid inside the mitochondria. It contains enzymes for aerobic respiration and is where the biochemical reactions of respiration takes place.
29
What are lysosomes?
A small sphere of liquid surrounded by a membrane. They are “pinched off” areas of the Golgi apparatus.
30
What do lysosomes do?
They contain enzymes that breakdown and hydrolyse food and foreign matter in cells.
31
What is the vacuole?
It contains salts, sugars, wastes and pigments, surrounded by a membrane called the tonoplast.
32
What does the vacuole do?
It supports the plant by making cells turgid. Can act as a temporary food storage and provides colour for the cell.
33
Describe how red blood cells are adapted for their function.
Biconcave - increases SA : V ratio No Nucleus - more room for haemoglobin - binds to oxygen Small size - larger SA : V ratio - haemoglobin never far from cell surface Can change shape - can fit into capillaries
34
How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?
Tail - moves quickly Nucleus - fertilise egg Acrosome enzymes - break egg membrane Lots of mitochondria - produces ATP via respiration
35
How is a palisade cell adapted for its function?
Lots of chloroplasts - increase absorption of sunlight Large SA - increases intake of substances
36
How is a root hair cell adapted for its function?
Large SA - increases absorption rate of water and minerals Thinner walls - shorter diffusion distance
37
How is a Guard cell adapted for its function?
Think inner walls - stretches less Hoops of cellulose microfibrils - prevents it getting wider K+ ions released - increase intake of water
38
How is the ciliated epithelium adapted for its function?
Microvilli - increase SA - increases diffusion rate of substances Constant blood supply
39
PMAT (cell cycle)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase
40
What happens in the prophase?
Chromosomes condense and become visible Centrioles separate (in animals) and move to opposite poles
41
What happens in the metaphase?
Chromosomes align along the equator Spindle fibres released from poles and attach to centromere and chromatid
42
What happens in the anaphase?
Spindle fibres start to retract and pull the centromere towards the opposite poles Centromere divides in two Individual chromatids are pulled to each opposite pole
43
What happens in the telophase?
Chromosomes are at each pole and become longer and thinner Spindle fibres disintegrate and nucleus starts to reform
44
What happens in cytokinesis?
Cytoplasm splits in two to create the two new genetically identical cells
45
What do tumour suppressor genes do?
Repress the cell cycle & promote apoptosis (self destruction)
46
What do proto-oncogenes do?
Promote the cell cycle & stimulate cell division
47
What is the importance of proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes?
Ensure cells divide at a fairly constant rate If there is a mutation in these genes, it can lead to cancer
48
What is cancer?
A result of damage to the genes that control mitosis and the cell cycle. It is a group of diseases caused by normal cells dividing in an uncontrolled way.
49
What are malignant tumours?
These tumours are cancerous and the cells divide by mitosis. Cell division is uncontrolled & cells spread to unaffected areas to form secondary tumours.
50
How do malignant tumours spread?
By metastasis via blood or lymph systems
51
How do you remove malignant tumours?
Removal requires radiotherapy or chemotherapy as well as surgery.
52
What are benign tumours?
They aren’t cancerous and the division is slower than malignant tumours. The tumours do not invade other tissues
53
How do you remove a benign tumour?
Can usually be removed by surgery alone

Biology 1st Year (8 decks)

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