Chapter 3

Question 1

Selective attention

Answer 1

 Focusing conscious awareness on a particular
stimulus

Question 2

Inattentional blindness

Answer 2

Failure to see visible objects when attention is
directed elsewhere

Question 3

 Change blindness

Answer 3

Failure to notice changes in the environment, a form
of inattentional blindness

Question 4

Dual Processing

Answer 4

Information is often simultaneously processed on
separate conscious (explicit) and unconscious
(implicit) tracks

Question 5

Blindsight awareness

Answer 5

A person can respond to a visual stimulus without
consciously experiencing it.

Question 6

Parallel processing

Answer 6

 Processing many aspects of a problem
simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of
information processing for many functions

Question 7

 Sequential processing

Answer 7

 Focusing conscious awareness on a particular
stimulus

Question 8

Circadian rhythm

Answer 8

 Internal biological clock of 24-hour
cycle of day and night
 Body temperature rises as morning approaches,
peaks during the day, dips in the early afternoon, and
begins to drop in the evening

Question 9

Alpha waves

Answer 9

 Relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Question 10

Hallucinations

Answer 10

False sensory experiences, such as seeing
something in the absence of an external visual
stimulus

Question 11

 Delta waves

Answer 11

Large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

Question 12

REM (rapid eye movement)

Answer 12

 Sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

Question 13

 REM rebound

Answer 13

Tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM
sleep deprivation

Question 14

Bright morning light activates light-sensitive proteins
that trigger the __________ nucleus (SCN) to
cause decreased production of melatonin in the
morning and increased production in the evening.

Answer 14

suprachiasmatic

Question 15

Sleep may have played a ______ role in human
evolution by keeping people safe during potentially
dangerous periods

Answer 15

protective

Question 16

Sleep helps_____________ damaged neurons

Answer 16

restore and repair

Question 17

Sleep helps strengthen ______________ that
build enduring memories

Answer 17

neural connections

Question 18

Sleep promotes creative _____________ the next
day.

Answer 18

problem solving

Question 19

During deep sleep, the pituitary gland secretes a
____________ necessary for muscle
development

Answer 19

growth hormone

Question 20

After a succession of _ hour nights, we
accumulate a sleep debt that cannot be satisfied
by one long sleep

Answer 20

5 hour nights

Question 21

Dreams with negative event or emotion: _ in _ dreams

Answer 21

8 in 10 dreams

Question 22

Manifest content

Answer 22

According to Freud, the remembered story line of a
dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content

Question 23

Latent content

Answer 23

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a
dream (as distinct from its manifest content)

Question 24

Freud’s wish-fulfillment Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”

Answer 24

expressing otherwise
unacceptable feelings; dreams contain
manifest (remembered) content and a
deeper layer of latent content (a hidden
meaning)

Question 25

Information processing Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories.

Answer 25

But why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced and about past events?

Question 26

Physiological function Cognitive development Dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development—their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios. Does not propose an adaptive function of dreams.

Answer 26

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. This does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams.

Question 27

Activation synthesis REM

Answer 27

sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories. The individual’s brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer.

Question 28

Cognitive development

Answer 28

Dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development—their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios. Does not propose an adaptive function of dreams.

Question 29

Depressants 

Answer 29

Drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions

Question 30

Barbiturates 

Answer 30

Depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

Question 31

Opiates  Include opium and its derivatives, such as codeine, morphine and heroin; addictive

Question 32

stimulant drugs  Include caffeine and nicotine, as well as the more powerful amphetamines: cocaine, Ecstasy (MDMA), and methamphetamine

Question 33

Frank just took a drug that is associated with an increased risk of panic. Which substance did he take? MDMA You Answered marijuana Correct Answer LSD alcohol Answer: LSD