Chapter 3 Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is the average length at birth and at 24 months?
Birth: 20 inches
24 months: 34 inches
What is the average weight at birth and at 24 months?
Birth: 7 pounds (3.2 kilograms)
24 months: 28 pounds (13 kilograms)
What is failure to thrive?
Body developing under the norm.
Why do sleep specifics vary?
Because of biology, caregiving and culture.
What is the norm for sleeping for newborns and by 12 months?
Newborn: 15-17 hours a day
12 months: 12 to 13 hours daily
Pain/hunger disrupts sleep
What is co-sleep?
Parent sleeping near by the baby (not in the same bed).
What is bed-sharing?
Baby sleeping in the bed with parents.
What is sudden infant death syndrome, and what can cause it?
SIDS, it can be caused from bed-sharing, i.e. pillow could suffocate baby, parent could roll over the baby, etc. Many recommend against bed sharing because of SIDS.
Why is there a disparity between Asian and non-Asian rates of co-sleeping?
It could be that western parents use a variety of gadgets and objects– monitors, night-lights, pacifiers, cuddle cloths– to accomplish some of what Asian parents do.
Explain prenatal and post natal brain growth.
Crucial for healthy development of the brain. Head-sparing is a biological mechanism that protects brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. (protects brain growth above all else). Brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
Explain exuberance and pruning.
Specifics of brain structure and growth depend on genes and maturation but even more on experience. Early dendrite growth called “transient exuberance.” Unused dendrites whither (through pruning) to allow space between neurons in the brain, allowing more synapses and thus more complex thinking (sculpting).
What is experience-expectant?
Experiences that are essential for brain growth to happen normally. A part of every day life. Nutrition. What a child needs. What experiences are expected. Must happen for normal brain growth.
What is experience-dependent?
Not “necessary.” These might happen. Can be due to culture, parenting, environment, etc. Related to the idea of plasticity.
Babies need stimulation (T/F)
T: Sever lack of stimulation stunts brain growth.
Explain stress and the brain.
Too much of wrong stimulation has adverse effects. Shaken baby syndrome (abusive head trauma, can cause neural pathways to die).
Explain hearing development.
Develops during the last trimester of pregnancy. Most advances of the newborn’s senses. Speech perception four months after birth.
Explain eye sight development.
Least mature sense at birth. Newborns focus between 4 and 30 inches away. Binocular vision between 2 and 4 months. Experience and maturation of visual cortex improve shape recognition, visual scanning, and details.
Explain testing and smelling development.
Smell and taste function at birth and rapidly adapt to the social world. Foods of culture may aid survival. Adaptation occurs for both of these senses.
Explain touch development.
Sense of touch is acute in infants. Although newborns respond to being securely held, soon they prefer specific touches. Some touches may be experience-expectant for normal growth. Pain and temperature are often connected to touch. Pain is probably less intense than adult pain but not absent altogether.
Explain motor skill development.
Gross motor skills: Every basic motor skill develops over the first two years of life. (head-down and center-out).
Fine motor skills: Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. Shaped by culture and opportunity.
Describe an innate desire to learn.
Infant brain has inborn readiness to learn. Perception bias and attentional patterns shows this. Gaze-following: Caregiver gaze following instinctively without cues (child follows the gaze of the caregiver). Early logic (innate logic).
Explain infant memory.
Implicit memory: evident by 3 months, begins to stabilize by 9 months; lifelong. Making associations.
Explicit memory: longer to emerge (language-dependent), rovee-collier’s mobile kicking research findings.
What is implicit learning?
Strategies are learned early in life. Effortful or easy learning. Learning how to learn.
What did Piaget notice in infancy and childhood?
Noticed age-related similarities in problem-solving strengths and deficits. The mind develops through a series of universal, irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning. Babies are active learners who construct meaning. Children construct knowledge by interacting in their physical and social environments. They build schemas that are used and adjusted through assimilation and accommodation. The primary motivation for learning is to reach equilibrium. Children think in qualitatively different ways at different ages.
