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Psychology 104 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Glial cells

A

Support neurons and neuronal functioning, enhances learning and memory, removes waste, creates blood-brain barrier and myelin sheath, responds to injury

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2
Q

Astrocytes

A

make up brain blood barrier

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3
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make up the myelin shealth in some axons

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4
Q

Synapse

A

gap between neurons where info is transmitted

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5
Q

synaptic vessicles

A

contain neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information

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7
Q

Axon

A

send information to other neurons

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8
Q

Axon terminals

A

contain synaptic vesicles which release neurotransmitters into the synapse

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9
Q

Soma

A

cell body, manufactures new proteins/cell components, contains nuclei

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10
Q

myelin sheath

A

insulates axon and increases speed of electrical transmission

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11
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin sheath

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12
Q

Explain the process of an action potential

A

when a neuron is stimulated it begins to depolarize due to potassium and sodium diffusing across the membrane. Once membrane potential reaches threshold( -55mV), the neuron fires an action potential. The neuron then repolarizes in order to return to its resting state, but in this process it overshoots and enters a brief period of hyperpolarization before then returning to resting potential.

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13
Q

resting potential

A

neuron’s resting membrane voltage when it is not firing (typically -70mV)

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14
Q

threshold

A

The minimum cell membrane voltage to trigger depolarization/ an action potential (-55mV)

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15
Q

absolute refractory period

A

depolarization/repolarization, cell can’t generate another action potential at this point

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16
Q

relative refractory period

A

hyperpolarization, action potential can be generated at this time given a large enough stimulus

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17
Q

hyperpolarization

A

relative refractory period

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18
Q

All or none law

A

cell either depolarizes or it doesn’t, as soon as cell membrane voltage hits -55mV, it sends the same electrical impluse no matter the strength of the stimulus. The strength of the stimulus is determined by the number of action potentials generated.

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19
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to either excite or inhibit other neurons firing(2 types; excitatory and inhibitory)

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20
Q

Five stages of chemical communication

A

synthesis, storage, release, binding, deactivation (broken down or reuptake)

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21
Q

graded potentials

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP); postsynaptic depolarization, postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP); postsynaptic hyperpolarization, postsynaptic neuron less likely to fire

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22
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory NT, sensory and learning
drugs- alcohol and sensory enhancers

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23
Q

GABA

A

main inhibitory NT
alcohol and anti-anxiety

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24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

cortex arousal
drugs- amphetamine and methamphetamine

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25
Acetylcholine
cortex arousal, selective attention, memory, muscle contradiction drugs- nicotine, memory enhancers, botox
26
Dopamine
motor function and pleasure/reward drugs- L-dopa(treats Parkinsons), antipsychotics
27
Serotonin
Mood regulation, aggression, sleep-wake cycles, temperature drugs- SSRI anti-depressants
28
Endorphins
Pain killers drugs- codeine, morphine, heroin
29
Anandamide
Pain killers, increase appetite drugs- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
30
Psychoactive drugs
impact the nervous system
31
agonist
when a drug enhances activity at the receptor site(either binds to receptor site or blocks re-uptake of NTs)
32
antagonist
when a drug reduces activity at the receptor site
33
Neural plasticity
The ability of neurons to change over time. 3 areas: plasticity over development plasticity and learning plasticity following injury and/or degeneration
34
neural plasticity and development
growth (of dendrites and axons), synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses), pruning (destroying certain neurons to remove pathways that aren't useful), myelination
35
neural plasticity and learning
synaptogenesis, potentiation(changing of activation and structure of neurons), structural plasticity (nerons change their shape from standard condition to an enriched condition)
36
neural plasticity, injury, and degeneration
neurogenesis (formation of new neurons) happens in brain, doctors can inject stem cells (undifferentiated cells that can develop into any kind of cell)
37
The brain-behaviour network
how different regions of the brain are responsible for different behaviours
38
cerebral cortex
outer grey matter of the cerebrum
39
basal gangliafunction and damage consequences
structures in the cortex that help control movements, takes sensory info from primary sensory and association cortexs and sends instructions based on the info to the motor cortex helps control emotions, language, decision making, learning, and memory damage can result in Parkinson's and Tourettes
40
limbic system
evolved out of olfactory system, closely tied to autonomic NS, bridge between cerebral hemispheres and brain stem, plays are role in emotion, motivation, learning, smell, memory. 4 main areas: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
41
cerebellum
controls balance and enables us to coordinate movement and learn motor skills
42
brain stem
midbrain, hindbrain(pons medulla)
43
spinal cord
connects peripheral NS with brain protected by vertebrae
44
reflex arc/spinal reflexes
skin receptor, sensory neuron, inter-neuron, motor neuron, muscle
45
3 major regions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
46
The forebrain
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
46
the midbrain
helps control eye movement and coordination, contain RAS
47
the hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
48
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
49
somatic nervous system
contains sensory and motor nerves voluntary muscle movement carries info from CNS to the muscles
50
autonomic nervous system
involuntary muscle movements, 2 divisions: sympathetic, activates functions(fight-or-flight) and parasympathetic inhibits functions(rest-and-digest)
51
The endocrine system
network of glands that release hormones into the bloodstream
52
pituitary gland and hormones
controls the other glands in the body releases oxytocin(love hormone)
53
adrenal gland and hormones
found above the kidneys releases adrenaline and cortisol during times of stress and arousal
54
what are the 8 different brain stimulating, recording and imaging techniques?
EEG, MRI. fMRI, PET scan, MEG, CT scan, DBS, TMS
55
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
measures electrical activity generated by the brain, noninvasive
56
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
produces high resolution images of soft tissue such as the brain; measure the release of energy from water in reaction to a magnetic field, superior to CT scans, noninvasive
57
functional MRI (fMRI)
measures change in blood oxygen levels, shows activity in response to the subject looking at something or solving a problem, noninvasive
58
position emission tomography (PET) scans
functional imaging technique, shows areas of low and high activity, invasive; involves injection of a radioactive drug
59
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
measures presence of magnetic fields on the surface of the cerebral cortex
60
Computed tomography (CT scan)
3D reconstruction
61
deep brain stimulation (DBS)
surgical procedure that implants battery powered electrodes into the brain to stimulate specific areas
62
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
applies quick changing magnetic fields to the skull which creates electrical fields in the brain that either enhances or interrupts brain function
63
genotype
set of gene transmitted to us at birth from our parents
64
phenotype
genotype expression
65
heritability
how much your phenotype is determined by genetics and how much it is determined by environmental factors
66
multiple sclerosis
degrading of myelin sheath resulting in electrical signals becoming scrambled and leading to emotional and physical difficulties such as difficulties with coordination.
67
meninges
3 membranes that protect brain and spinal cord
68
cerebral ventricles
CSF filled pockets that extend through the brain and spinal cord
69
cerebrospinal fluid
provides nutrients, waste removal, and is a shock absorber
70
corpus callosum
nerve fibres that connect the 2 brain hemispheres
71
thalamus
sensory relay center
72
hypothalamus
maintains bodily states through hormone levels, regulates hunger, thirst, sexual drive, temperature (four Fs)
73
amygdala
modifies our memories based on how we feel, triggered by fear, helps us pay attention to emotionally impactful stimuli, remember what triggered our emotions, makes sense of social cues
74
hippocampus
plays a critical role in memory, especially spatial memory ex. mental map, damage can cause trouble creating long term memories ex. remembering events
75
Reticular Activating system (RAS)
connects with forebrain and cerebral cortex (outer grey matter of cerebrum) plays a key role in waking up, activates cortex by increasing signal-to-noise ratio, damage can cause a coma
76
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
77
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
78
Adrenalin
release by the adrenal glands when cued by the sympathetic system, contracts muscles, constricts blood vessels, increases breakdown of fatty acids and synthesis of glycogen into glucose, dilates bronchioles, supresses digestive and reproductive function, dialtes pupils
79
chromosomes
found in the nucleus, humans have 46, contain genes which are made of DNA which is a set of instructions for making proteins
80
reaction range
the extent to which genes set limits oh how much a trait can change in response to a new environment
81
central sulcus
deep groove that separates the frontal lobe from the rest of the cortex
82
motor cortex
generates signals for voluntary movement
83
somatosensory cortex
receives data about sensation: touch, pressure, pain
84
prefrontal cortex
responsible for thinking, planning, and language, contains Broca's area; which plays a key role in language production
85
association cortex
Regions of the cerebral cortex that analyze/ reanalyze sensory inputs to build up our perceptions
86
ADHD drugs
boost the signal-to-noise ration in the prefrontal cortex
87
frontal lobe
responsible for motor functions, planning, language, decision making, contains motor and prefrontal cortexs
88
parietal lobe
eye movements, lobe specialized for touch and perception(tracking objects location, shape, orientation), relays visual/touch info to motor cortex,contains somatosensory cortex
89
temporal lobe
lobe specialized in hearing, plays a role in understanding language and memory contains auditory cortex and Wernicke's area(plays a critical role in understanding speech)
90
lateral fissure
separates temporal lobe from the rest of the cortex
91
occipital lobe
contains visual cortex, dedicated to seeing
92
pons
connects the cortex to the cerebellum
93
medulla
involved in basic functions such as heart-rate, breathing, vomiting
94
6 parts of the CNS
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
95
electrical stimulation studies
pioneered by Wilder Penfield, investigated brain functions by electrically stimulating the brain during neurosurgery, supported the idea that neural communication is electrical

Psychology 104 (7 decks)

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