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biopsych > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine, consists of the brain and the spinal cord

A

central nervous system (cns)

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2
Q

the division located outside the skull and spine; consists of the nerves all over the body

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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3
Q

part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment; concerned with voluntary actions

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

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4
Q

(SNS) carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system

A

afferent nerves

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5
Q

carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles

A

efferent nerves

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6
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment; concerned with involuntary stuff

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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7
Q

autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic nerves

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8
Q

autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord

A

parasympathetic nerves

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9
Q

protective membranes

A

meninges

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10
Q

tough outer membrane

A

dura mater

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11
Q

fine middle membrane

A

arachnoid membrane

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12
Q

the space beneath the arachnoid membrane; contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

A

subarachnoid space

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13
Q

delicate innermost meninx, which adheres to the surface of the CNS

A

pia mater

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14
Q

clear fluid that serves as cushion; fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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15
Q

small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

A

central canal

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16
Q

the four large internal chambers of the brain

A

cerebral ventricles

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17
Q

networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater which produce CSF

A

choroid plexuses

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18
Q

connects the third and fourth ventricles

A

cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

a mechanism impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain; it is a consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels

A

blood–brain barrier

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20
Q

cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission
of electrochemical signals

A

neurons

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21
Q

two layers of fat molecules that composes a neuron cell membrane

A

lipid bilayer

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22
Q

membrane proteins through which certain molecules can pass

A

channel proteins

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23
Q

transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane.

A

signal proteins

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24
Q

semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron.

A

Cell membrane

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25
Q

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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26
Q

The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body.

A

Axon hillock

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27
Q

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

A

Axon

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28
Q

The metabolic center of the neuron; also called the soma.

A

Cell body

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29
Q

The fatty insulation around many axons.

A

Myelin

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30
Q

The gaps between sections of myelin.

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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31
Q

The buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses.

A

Buttons

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32
Q

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted.

A

Synapses

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33
Q

neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body

A

multipolar neuron

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34
Q

neuron with one process extending from its cell body

A

unipolar neuron

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35
Q

neuron with two processes extending from its cell body

A

bipolar neuron

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36
Q

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all

A

interneurons

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37
Q

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses.

A

Synaptic vesicles

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38
Q

Molecules that are released from active
neurons and influence the activity of other cells.

A

Neurotransmitters

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39
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

A

nuclei (singular nucleus)

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40
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

A

ganglia (singular ganglion)

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41
Q

bundles of axons in the CNS

A

tracts

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42
Q

bundles of axons in the PNS

A

nerves

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43
Q

cells in the nervous system aside from neurons

A

glial cells or glia

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44
Q

glial cells with extensions rich in myelin that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

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45
Q

fatty insulating substance that increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction

A

myelin sheaths

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46
Q

glial cells that constitutes one myelin segment on the axons of neurons in the PNS; can guide axonal
regeneration (regrowth) after damage

A

Schwann cells

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47
Q

respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells

A

microglia

48
Q

largest glial cells, and they are so named because they are star-shaped; appear to play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals; ability to contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions

A

Astrocytes

49
Q

This discovery made it possible to see individual
neurons, although only in silhouette. Commonly used when the overall shape of neurons is of interest.

A

Golgi stain

50
Q

Stain that’s often used to estimate the number
of cell bodies in an area

A

Nissl stain

51
Q

neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure

A

electron microscopy

52
Q

used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.

A

Anterograde tracing methods (forward)

53
Q

used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area

A

Retrograde tracing methods (backward)

54
Q

(in the spinal cord) H-shaped core composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

A

Gray matter

55
Q

(in the spinal cord) composed largely of myelinated axons.

A

white matter

56
Q

two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter

A

dorsal horns

57
Q

two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter

A

ventral horns

58
Q

All dorsal root axons, whether somatic or autonomic, are sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the…

A

dorsal root ganglia

59
Q

neurons of the ventral root are _______, with their cell bodies in the ventral horns

A

motor (efferent) multipolar neurons

60
Q

All dorsal root axons, whether somatic or autonomic,
are…

A

sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons

61
Q

five swellings that compose the developing brain at
birth:

A

telencephalon (cerebrum)
diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
mesencephalon (midbrain: tectum & tegmentum)
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)

62
Q

The other four divisions of the brain are often referred to collectively as the _______, the stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit.

A

brain stem

63
Q

the most posterior division of the brain, is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body

A

myelencephalon (or medulla)

64
Q

It is a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem; referred to as the reticular activating system, because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal

A

reticular formation

65
Q

consists of the pons and cerebellum

A

metencephalon

66
Q

the bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface and is one major division of the metencephalon

A

pons

67
Q

convoluted structure on the brain stem’s
dorsal surface; important sensorimotor structure

A

cerebellum (little brain)

68
Q

Divided into tectum and tegmentum

A

mesencephalon

69
Q

dorsal surface of the midbrain; composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi (little hills)

A

tectum (roof)

70
Q

posterior pair of bump in the tectum; have an auditory function.

A

inferior colliculi

71
Q

anterior pair of bumps in tectum; have a visual-motor function, specifically to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli

A

superior colliculi

72
Q

division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum.

A

tegmentum

73
Q

the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct; role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opioid drugs

A

periaqueductal gray

74
Q

structures in tegmentum that are both important components of the sensorimotor system.

A

substantia nigra (black substance) and the red nucleus

75
Q

composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

76
Q

large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem

A

thalamus

77
Q

joins the two lobes of the thalamus (like corpus callosum for cerebral hemispheres)

A

massa intermedia

78
Q

thalamic nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex

A

sensory relay nuclei

79
Q

located just below the anterior thalamus; plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated
behaviors

A

hypothalamus

80
Q

“snot gland”

A

pituitary gland

81
Q

two other structures that appear on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus:

A

the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies

82
Q

the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together.

A

optic chiasm

83
Q

cross over to the other side of the brain

A

decussate

84
Q

often considered to be part of the hypothalamus, are a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitary

A

mammillary bodies

85
Q

largest division of the human brain, mediates the brain’s most complex functions. It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving.

A

telencephalon

86
Q

layer of tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

87
Q

have the effect of increasing the amount of cerebral cortex without increasing the overall volume of the brain.

A

convolutions

88
Q

Not all mammals have convoluted cortexes; most mammals are smooth-brained or…

A

lissencephalic

89
Q

large furrows in a convoluted cortex are called…

A

fissures

90
Q

small furrows in a convoluted cortex are called…

A

sulci (singular sulcus)

91
Q

ridges between fissures and sulci are called…

A

gyri (singular gyrus)

92
Q

the cerebral hemispheres are almost completely separated by the largest of the fissures called…

A

longitudinal fissure

93
Q

hemisphere-connecting tracts are called…

A

cerebral commissures

94
Q

the largest cerebral commissure

A

corpus callosum

95
Q

These fissures partially divide each hemisphere into four lobes.

A

central fissure and the lateral fissure

96
Q

responsible for the analysis of visual input

A

occipital lobes

97
Q

responsible for analyzing sensations from the body, spatial awareness, and directing our attention

A

parietal lobe

98
Q

[superior temporal gyrus] involved in hearing and language, [inferior temporal cortex] identifies complex visual patterns, and [medial portion of temporal cortex] important for certain kinds of memory

A

temporal lobe

99
Q

[precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex] have a motor function, [frontal cortex] performs complex cognitive functions

A

frontal lobe

100
Q

large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell
bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite

A

Pyramidal cells

101
Q

small starshaped interneurons

A

stellate cells

102
Q

six-layered cortex of relatively recent evolution

A

neocortex

103
Q

area of cortex that is not neocortex; plays a major role in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location

A

hippocampus

104
Q

circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus; involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors

A

limbic system

105
Q

major structures of the limbic system

A

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mammillary body

106
Q

the almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe; involved in emotion, particularly fear

A

amygdala

107
Q

is the large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres

A

cingulate cortex

108
Q

major tract of the limbic system; also encircles the dorsal thalamus

A

fornix

109
Q

midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex

A

septum

110
Q

play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision-making

A

basal ganglia

111
Q

Sweeping out of each amygdala, first in a posterior direction and then in an anterior direction, is the long tail-like…

A

caudate

112
Q

round structure located at the center of each caudate

A

putamen (pronounced “pew-TAY-men”)

113
Q

the caudate and the putamen are also known as…

A

striatum (striped structure)

114
Q

pale circular structure of the basal ganglia

A

globus pallidus

115
Q

a disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors, and
poverty of voluntary movement

A

Parkinson’s disease

116
Q

thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers

A

nucleus accumbens

biopsych (5 decks)

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