chapter 3

Question 1

something that stands in for or represents something else

Answer 1

Symbol

Question 2

culturally agreed on and ever-changing systems of symbols that help us organize, understand and generate meaning

Answer 2

Codes

Question 3

our ability to talk and events that are removed in space or time from a speaker and situation

Answer 3

Displacement

Question 4

a model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent and highlights indirect relationship between the symbol and referent

Answer 4

Triangle of meaning

Question 5

object or idea to which the symbol refers

Answer 5

Referent

Question 6

definitions that are accepted by the language group as a whole, or the dictionary definition of a word

Answer 6

Denotation

Question 7

definitions that are based on emotion- or experience-based associations people have with a word

Answer 7

Connotation

Question 8

rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences

Answer 8

Grammar

Question 9

language helps us communicate our observations, thoughts, feelings, and needs

Answer 9

Verbal expressions

Question 10

utterances that try to get another person to do something

Answer 10

Directives

Question 11

newly coined or used words

Answer 11

Neologisms

Question 12

new or adapted words that are specific to one group, context, or time period

Answer 12

Slang

Question 13

messages communicated in an open, honest, and non-confrontational way

Answer 13

Supportive messages

Question 14

make others respond defensively, which can lead to feelings of separation and actual separation or dissolution of a relationship

Answer 14

Unsupportive messages

Question 15

sweeping judgments and generalizations are sure to escalate a negative situation.

Answer 15

Global labels

Question 16

often disguised as humor, it usually represents passive-aggressive behavior through which a person indirectly communicates negative feelings

Answer 16

Saracasm

Question 17

a tactic used by people when they do not want to discuss a current situation

Answer 17

Dragging up the past

Question 18

holding a person up to the supposed standards or characteristics of another person

Answer 18

Negative comparisons

Question 19

generalized overstatements about another person that go beyond labeling but still do not describe specific behavior in a productive way

Answer 19

Judgmental ‘“you” messages

Question 20

suggesting violence or some other negative consequence usually signals the end of productive communication and usually overcompensates for a personÕs insecurity

Answer 20

Threats

Question 21

a model used to illustrate how language can range from concrete to abstract

Answer 21

The ladder of abstraction

Question 22

refers to specialized words used by certain group or profession

Answer 22

Jargon

Question 23

language used to express a personÕs feelings and create similar feelings in another person

Answer 23

Affective language

Question 24

breaking semantic rules, but in a way that typically enhances meaning or understanding rather than diminishes it

Answer 24

Figurative language

Question 25

a direct comparison of two things using the words like or as

Answer 25

Simile

Question 26

an implicit comparison of two things that are not alike and/or are not typically associated

Answer 26

Metaphor

Question 27

the attribution of human qualities or characteristics of other living things to nonhuman objects or abstract concepts

Answer 27

Personification

Question 28

occurs when a person deviates from established social norms

Answer 28

Incivility

Question 29

creates social bonds or for impression management (to seem cool or attractive)

Answer 29

Social swearing

Question 30

provides a sense of relief, as people use it to manage stress and tension, which can be a preferred alternative to physical aggression

Answer 30

Annoyance swearing

Question 31

conclusions based on thoughts or speculation, but not direct observation

Answer 31

Inferences

Question 32

conclusions based on direct observation or group consensus

Answer 32

Facts

Question 33

expressions of approval or disapproval that are subjective and not verifiable

Answer 33

Judgments

Question 34

misperception of an inference (conclusion based on limited information) as an observation (an observed or agreed-on fact)

Answer 34

Inference-observation confusion

Question 35

a skewed way of viewing or talking about a group negatively

Answer 35

Cultural bias

Question 36

race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and ability

Answer 36

Cultural identities

Question 37

a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words

Answer 37

Nonverbal communication

Question 38

vocalized but not verbal part of a spoken message, such as speaking rate, volume, and pitch

Answer 38

Paralanguage

Question 39

messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other

Answer 39

Mixed messages

Question 40

verbal and nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators and include things like smiling, nodding, making eye-contact, and occasionally engaging in social, polite, or professional touch

Answer 40

Immediacy behaviors

Question 41

the objects and possessions that surround us

Answer 41

Artifacts

Question 42

a process of generating meaning using behavior other than words

Answer 42

Kinesics

Question 43

touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to arousal or anxiety

Answer 43

Adaptors

Question 44

gestures that have a specific agreed-on meaning within a cultural context

Answer 44

Emblems

Question 45

study of eye behaviors and movements in nonverbal communication

Answer 45

Oculesics

Question 46

the study of communication by touch

Answer 46

Haptics

Question 47

the study of paralanguage

Answer 47

Vocalics

Question 48

the study of how space and distance influence communication

Answer 48

Proxemics

Question 49

public, social, personal, and intimate

Answer 49

Proxemic distances

Question 50

the study of how time affects communication

Answer 50

Chronemics

Question 51

consistency among different nonverbal expressions within a cluster

Answer 51

Nonverbal congruence