Chapter 3

Question 1

Wrote a book on “uroscopy”

Answer 1

5th century BCE

Question 2

Instruction in urine examination as part of their training

Answer 2

Middle ages

Question 3

Development of 20 different color charts

Answer 3

1140 CE

Question 4

He discovered albuminuria by
boiling of urine

Answer 4

Frederick Dekkers

Question 5

There is a progress from “ant
testing” and ”taste testing” for glucose

Answer 5

1694

Question 6

passing of the first medical licensure law in England

Answer 6

1627

Question 7

Examined and quantified urinary sediment

Answer 7

Thomas Addis

Question 8

The invention of microscope led to the examination and
quantitation of urinary sediment by Thomas Addis

Answer 8

17th century

Question 9

introduced the concept of urinalysis as
part of routine patient examination

Answer 9

Richard Bright

Question 10

Richard Bright introduced the concept of urinalysis as
part of routine patient examination

Answer 10

1827

Question 11

the number and complexity of the tests performed in a
urinalysis had reached a point of impracticality, and
urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations.

Answer 11

1930s

Question 12

kidneys continuously form this as an
ultrafiltrate of plasma

Answer 12

Urine

Question 13

Reabsorption of water and filtered substances
essential to body function converts into how much volume of filtered plasma?

Answer 13

Approximately 170,000 mL

Question 14

Average daily urine output

Answer 14

1200 mL

Question 15

Composition of urine

Answer 15

95% water
5% solutes

Question 16

Factors affecting urine composition

Answer 16

dietary intake
physical activity
body
metabolism
endocrine functions

Question 17

Organic substances in urine

Answer 17

Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid

Question 18

Inorganic substances in urine

Answer 18

Chloride
Sodium
Potassium

Question 19

Other substances found in urine

Answer 19

Hormones
Vitamins
Medications

Question 20

Other substances found in urine

Answer 20

Hormones
Vitamins
Medications

Question 21

Urine may also contain:

Answer 21

Cells
Casts
Crystals
Mucus
Bacteria

Question 22

Primary organic component in normal urine

Answer 22

Urea

Question 23

Product of metabolism of creatine by muscles

Answer 23

Creatinine

Question 24

Product of breakdown of nucleic acid in food and cells

Answer 24

Uric acid

Question 25

Product of metabolism of protein and amino acids

Answer 25

Urea

Question 26

Primary inorganic component found in normal urine

Answer 26

Chloride

Question 27

Found in combination with sodium (table salt) and many other inorganic substances

Answer 27

Chloride

Question 28

Primarily from salt, varies by intake

Answer 28

Sodium

Question 29

Combined with chloride and other salts

Answer 29

Potassium

Question 30

Combines with sodium to buffer the blood

Answer 30

Phosphate

Question 31

Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity

Answer 31

Ammonium

Question 32

Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate

Answer 32

Calcium

Question 33

Water is a major body constituent; therefore, the amount excreted is usually determined by the _______

Answer 33

Body's state of hydration

Question 34

Factors that influence urine volume:

Answer 34

Fluid intake Fluid loss from nonrenal sources Variations in the secretion of ADH The need to excrete increased amounts of dissolved solids, such as glucose or salts.

Question 35

Average daily output (range)

Answer 35

1200-1500 mL/day

Question 36

Average daily urine output that is still considered normal

Answer 36

600-2000 mL/day

Question 37

abnormal decrease in urine output

Answer 37

Oliguria

Question 38

Oliguria in infants

Answer 38

<1 mL/kg/hr

Question 39

Oliguria in children

Answer 39

<0.5 mL/kg/hr

Question 40

Oliguria in adults

Answer 40

less than 400 mL/day

Question 41

It is seen commonly when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, or severe burns

Answer 41

Oliguria

Question 42

Cessation of urine flow

Answer 42

Anuria

Question 43

may result from any serious damage to kidneys or from a decreased blood flow to the kidneys

Answer 43

Anuria

Question 44

Increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine (>500 mL at night)

Answer 44

Nocturia

Question 45

Clinical significance of nocturia

Answer 45

Prostatic cancer

Question 46

abnormal increase in daily urine output

Answer 46

Polyuria

Question 47

Polyuria in children

Answer 47

2.5-3 mL/kg/day

Question 48

Polyuria in adults

Answer 48

>2.5 L/day

Question 49

It is often associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 49

Polyuria

Question 50

caused by a defect either in the pancreatic production of insulin or in the function of insulin, which results in an increased concentration of body glucose

Answer 50

Diabetes mellitus

Question 51

Specific gravity of urine specimen from a patient with Diabetes mellitus

Answer 51

Increased