Chapter 3 Flashcards by Geri Ianna Pedere

a map
Ø Made up of chromosomes
Ø The Human Karyotype has 23
pairs of chromosomes

Karyotype

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one half of a duplicated chromosome

chromatid

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a molecule composed of two
polynucleotide chains that coil around
each other to form a double helix
Ø The string that comprises the
chromatin fibers

DNA

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a sequence of DNA or RNA that
codes for a molecule or a protein

basic unit of heredity

the human body has approximately
20,000 to 25,000 different genes

Gene

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organized package of
DNA

chromosomes

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consists of a sugar molecule attached
to a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing base
Ø the basic building block of nucleic
acids

Nucleotide

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joined together by covalent bonds
between the phosphate group of one
nucleotide and the third carbon atom of
the pentose sugar in the next
nucleotide.

Nucleotide

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This produces an alternating backbone
of sugar - phosphate - sugar - phosphate
all along the polynucleotide chain.
Ø 10 pairs of nucleotides in each full turn
of the helix in the DNA molecule

Nucleotide

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nucleotides without a phosphate
group

nucleosides

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consists of a segment of
DNA wound around eight
histone proteins and
resembles thread wrapped
around a spool

Nucleosomes

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What controls the formation of mRNA

gene (DNA)

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what spreads throughout the cell to control formation of a specific protein

mRNA

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The entire process, from transcription of the genetic code in the nucleus to translation of the RNA code and the formation of proteins in the cell cytoplasm

gene expression

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the 4 nitrogenous bases

purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine

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what consists the nucleotides

(1) phosphoric acid
(2) a sugar called deoxyribose
(3) four nitrogenous bases
purines: adenine and guanine
pyrimidines: thymine and cytosine

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first stage in DNA formation

formation of nucleotides

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the nucleotides formed using the four bases

deoxyadenylic,
deoxythymidylic, deoxyguanylic, and
deoxycytidylic acids.

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combining one molecule of phosphoric acid,
one molecule of deoxyribose, and one of
the four bases forms a _________

acidic nucleotide

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what pairs with adenine (purine base)
what pairs with cytosine (pyrimidine)

thymine (pyrimidine base)
guanine (purine base)

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Gives the DNA the ability to
control the formation of
proteins

Genetic code

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true or false
the purine and pyrimidine bases
projecting to the side of each
DNA strand are exposed after spliting the DNA molecule apart, the genetic code is formed

TRUE

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consists of successive “triplets”
of bases—that is, each three
successive bases is a CODE
WORD

genetic code

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true or false
The successive triplets of the DNA
control the sequence
of amino acids in a protein
molecule that is to be
synthesized

FALSE, the genetic code instead of DNA

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what are the stop codons

UAA, UGA, UAG

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what amino acid has CCG as RNA codon

PROLINE

What amino acid has GAA as RNA codon

Glutamic Acid

a process that removes the intervening, non-coding sequences of genes (INTRONS) from pre-mRNA and joins the protein-coding sequences (EXONS) in order to produce a mature mRNA that can be transported outside the nucleus.

RNA splicing

True or False Transcription is done when the DNA code from the Cytoplasm is transferred to the RNA Code (Nucleus)

False. DNA - Nucleus RNA - Cytoplasm

during mRNA synthesis, the two strands of __________ separate temporarily in the nucleus and uses the DNA template

DNA

the resulting complementary code triplets in the mRNA which control the sequence of amino acids in a protein to be synthesized in the cell cytoplasm.

codons

In the RNA synthesis, the building blocks are the same with the DNA except for the sugar deoxyribose replaced with ______ and thymine replaced by another pyrimidine ____________

RIBOSE URACIL

this activates the RNA Nucleotides

RNA polymerase

TRUE OR FALSE In the activation of RNA nucleotides, there is adding of two extra phosphate radicals to each nucleotide to form triphosphates. These last two phosphates are combined with the nucleotide by high-energy phosphate bonds derived from carbon

FALSE - derived from ATP

TRUE OR FALSE small quantities of ATP energy are made available to each of the nucleotides. This energy is used to promote chemical reactions that add each new RNA nucleotide at the end of the developing RNA chain.

FALSE - large instead of small

In the DNA strand immediately ahead of the gene to be transcribed is a sequence of nucleotides called the _________

PROMOTER

where does the RNA polymerase (activates RNA nucleotides) attach to initiate the formation of RNA

Promoter

After the RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter, the polymerase causes ________ of about two turns of the DNA helix and separation of the unwound portions of the two strands

unwinding

true or false after the polymerase causing unwinding of about two turns of the DNA helix and separation of the unwound portions of the two strands, the polymerase then moves along the DNA strand, temporarily unwinding and separating the two DNA strands at each stage of its movement.

TRUE

where does the covalent linkage of the remaining phosphate on the nucleotide with the end of the growing RNA chain get energy

when the RNA polymerase breaks two of the three phosphate radicals away from each RNA nucleotides, it liberates large amounts of energy from the broken high-energy phosphate bonds

When the RNA polymerase reaches the end of the DNA gene, it encounters a new sequence of DNA nucleotides called the _____________ which causes the polymerase and the newly formed RNA chain to break away from the DNA strand.

chain terminating sequence

can the polymerase be used again and again to form more new RNA chains?

YES.

does DNA have a high affinity for rebonding with its own complementary DNA strand?

YES.

the RNA chain is forced away from the DNA and is released into the _______.

nucleoplasm

true or false the code that is present in the DNA strand is eventually transmitted in complementary form to the RNA chain.

TRUE

name the types of RNA

1. Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) 2. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 4. Transfer RNA (tRNA) 5. Ribosomal RNA 6. MicroRNAs (miRNAs)

what type of segment is removed during splicing and which is retained in the final RNA

INTRONS, EXONS

what is the immature, single strand of RNA that is processed in the nucleus to form mature messenger RNA (mRNA).

precursor-mRNA

which RNA carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for controlling the type of protein formed.

mRNA - the codons

what is the start RNA codon

AUG - bday ni mama

it transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes, it is called the anti-codon

transfer RNA

Serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the activated amino acid sequence of protein. Each type combines specifically with 1 of the 20 amino acids that are to be incorporated into proteins.

tRNA

true or false In the ribosomes, each specific type of tRNA recognizes a particular codon on the pre-RNA and thereby delivers the appropriate amino acid to the appropriate place in the chain.

false. mRNA instead of pre-RNA

what is the appearance of the tRNA?

a folded chain of 80 nucleotides with a cloverleaf appearance

The specific code in the tRNA that allows it to recognize a specific codon is a triplet of nucleotide bases and is called an _____

ANTICODON

true or false This anticodon is located in the middle of the tRNA molecule (at the top of the cloverleaf configuration)

false. bottom of the cloverleaf configuration

this type of RNA constitutes 60% of the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA

true or false. The remainder of the ribosome is protein, including about 75 types of proteins that are both structural proteins and enzymes needed to manufacture proteins.

TRUE

the _________ acts as a manufacturing plant in which the protein molecules are formed.

ribosome

this RNA provides the information necessary for sequencing the amino acids in proper order for each specific type of protein to be manufactured.

mRNA

this RNA transports amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into the developing protein,

tRNA

the ribosome always functions in association with these two types of RNA

tRNA, mRNA

true or false the cellular function requires large amounts of ribosomal RNA, hence the chromosomes located in the nucleus contains many duplicates of the DNA genes for ribosomal RNA

TRUEEE

where does the ribosomal RNA collects as it gets formed? hint: it is aa specialized structure lying adjacent to the chromosomes).

NUCLEOLUS

When large amounts of ribosomal RNA are being synthesized, the nucleolus is a large structure, whereas in cells that synthesize little protein, the nucleolus may not even be seen true or false

TRUE

where does the Ribosomal RNA binds with to form granular condensation products that are primordial subunits of ribosomes.

ribosomal proteins

ribosome subunits are released from the nucleolus and transported through the large pores of the nuclear envelope to almost all parts of the cytoplasm. true or false

TRUE

Where are proteins formed? cytoplasm or nucleus?

Cytoplasm, bc the nucleus does not contain mature ribosomes

single-stranded RNA molecules of 21 to 23 nucleotides that can regulate gene transcription and translation.

microRNA (miRNA)

are miRNAs translated into proteins? are they coding RNAs?

NO.

The generation of miRNAs involves special processing of longer primary precursor RNAs called __________ which are the primary transcripts of the gene

primiRNAs

this RNA act to decrease gene expression.

miRNA

The pri-miRNAs are processed in the nucleus by the microprocessor complex to __________

pre-miRNAs

it promotes repression of translation or degradation of the mRNA before it can be translated by the ribosome. it plays an important role in normal regulation of cell function

miRNA

true or false alterations in tRNA function have been associated with diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

false. miRNA

synthetic miRNAs and can be administered to silence expression of specific genes. true or false.

TRUEEE

a type of miRNA that is also called silencing RNA or short interfering RNA.

Small Interfering RNA

these RNAs are short, double-stranded RNA molecules, comprised of 20 to 25 nucleotides, that interfere with expression of specific genes.

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

can be used to block translation of any mRNA and therefore expression by any gene for which the nucleotide sequence is known.

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

true or false miRNAs are useful therapeutic tools to silence genes that contribute to the pathophysiology of diseases.

FALSE. siRNAs

it is the formation of proteins on the ribosomes

Translation

When a molecule of mRNA comes in contact with a ribosome, it travels through the ribosome, beginning at its predetermined end specified by an appropriate sequence of RNA bases called the

CHAIN INITIATING CODON or the START CODON (or the AUG codon)

what process is where while the mRNA travels through the ribosome, a protein molecule is formed

translation

where is the protein molecule freed into as the ribosome terminates or stops the reading of mRNA codons (production of protein)

cytoplasm

A single mRNA molecule cannot form protein molecules in several ribosomes at the same time because the initial end of the RNA strand cannot pass to a successive ribosome as it leaves the first true or false

FALSE. it can

what do you call a cluster of ribosomes frequently occurring, with 3 to 10 ribosomes being attached to a single mRNA at the same time.

polyribosomes

is there a specificity of ribosomes for given types of protein

NO. protein molecule can cause formation in any ribosome

what causes the granular appearance of the portions of the reticulum

ribosomes attaching to endoplasmic reticulum

most proteins synthesized by the ribosomes are released directly into the cytoplasm instead of into the ER. true or false

false. cytosol

this is released upon the activation of amino acid in which ATP combines with the amino acid, giving up high-energy phosphate bonds in the process.

Adenosine monophosphate

what is the enzyme that influences peptide bond formation between successive amino acids

peptidyl transferase

the synthesis of proteins is one of the most energy-consuming processes of the cell. true or false

TRUE

how many total high energy phosphate bonds are needed for each amino acid added to the protein chain

In this chemical reaction, a hydroxyl radical (OH− ) is removed from the COOH portion of the first amino acid, and a hydrogen (H+ ) of the NH 2 portion of the other amino acid is removed.These combine to form water, and the two reactive sites left on the two successive amino acids bond with each other, resulting in a single molecule. What process is this

Peptide Linkage