Chapter 3

Question 1

Two concepts that under lie the cognitive approach

Answer 1

• Information processing depends on internal representations.
• These mental representations undergo internal transformations.

Question 2

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Answer 2

Provides focal stimulation of brain noninvasively; directly stimulates neurons
- produced at either high (excitatory) or low (inhibitory) frequencies

Question 3

What do CAT, MRI, and DTI all do?

Answer 3

Give information on structure of the brain

Question 4

MRI

Answer 4

Maps brain areas in detail using magnetic properties of atoms that make up organic tissue

Question 5

CAT

Answer 5

Inject dye into blood and pass x-rays through the head; allows 3D reconstruction

Question 6

DTI

Answer 6

Neuroimaging that uses an MRI to image all white matter pathways (Myelination)

Question 7

What do EEG, ECoG, Single-cell recording, and MEG have in common?

Answer 7

They all measure neural activity

Question 8

Single-cell recording

Answer 8

Used to monitor the activity of individual neurons; measures change in membrane potential
-invasive technique using electrodes

Question 9

MultiUnit recording

Answer 9

An array of electrodes is inserted into the brain to help understand the activity of many cells

Question 10

ECoG

Answer 10

A grid of strip electrodes is inserted in the brain to help understand the activity of many cells
-invasive

Question 11

Are single cell recordings, ECoG, and multiunit recordings invasive or noninvasive?

Answer 11

invasive

Question 12

EEG

Answer 12

Surface recording made from electrodes placed on scalp; good for temporal resolution

Question 13

MEG

Answer 13

Measures magnetic signals generated by the brain
- magnetic detectors are placed on the scalp that measure the electrical activity of neurons
- noninvasive

Question 14

What is hemodynamic response?

Answer 14

Detect change in blood flow

Question 15

PET

Answer 15

Measure metabolic activity or blood flow changes in the brain by monitoring the distribution of a radioactive tracker

Question 16

fMRI

Answer 16

Utilizes an MRI to track blood flow changes in the brain that may be correlated with local neural changes

Question 17

Event-related potentials-

Answer 17

A change in electrical activity that is time-locked to specific events such as the presentation of a stimulus or
onset of a response
- measured by EEG

Question 18

What two imaging techniques exemplify hemodynamic response?

Answer 18

PET and fMRI

Question 19

Block design

Answer 19

Experimental design that consist of blocks of multiple trials of the same type

Question 20

DBS (deep brain stimulation)

Answer 20

Surgical implants of a microelectrode
directly in the brain.
- used for depression, OCD, other life altering disorders
- last resort

Question 21

optogenetics

Answer 21

A technique (viral transduction) that allows researchers to turn on activity in targeted neurons by a device that shines a light within the brain by using a specially manipulated virus to insert light-sensitive proteins into
the membrane of a given type of neuron.

Question 22

knockout procedure

Answer 22

Scientists manipulate a specific gene (or set of genes) such that it
does not express itself, and then study the knockout strains to explore the consequences of this change.

Question 23

agonist

Answer 23

drug that binds to the receptor, producing a similar response to the intended chemical and receptor

Question 24

antagonist

Answer 24

drug that binds to the receptor either on the primary site, or on another site, which all together stops the receptor from producing a response.

Question 25

DAI (diffuse axonal injury)

Answer 25

The twisting, buckling, or distortion of the white matter that occurs with an injury disrupts the axonal cytoskeleton and thus also axonal transport.

Question 26

What is the best way to diagnose neurodegenerative diseases?

Answer 26

fMRI

Question 27

ischemia

Answer 27

-type of stroke -caused by blood clot that prevents blood flow to the brain

Question 28

hemorrhage

Answer 28

-type of stroke -blood vessel ruptures that causes blood to leak into brain tissue

Question 29

Word Superiority Effect

Answer 29

Reicher - In this experiment, participants briefly see a stimulus and then decide which of two target letters (e.g., A or E) they saw. The stimulus is a word, a nonsense string, or a string in which every letter is an X except for the target letter. - showed that it was most accurate for real words

Question 30

mental representation

Answer 30

The way in which information is stored, processed, and used by the mind. - Even with simple stimuli, the mind derives multiple representations. ex) Letter matching task

Question 31

Letter matching task

Answer 31

Posner - Had participants look at two letters and then choose a button based on what category they thought they were in - physical identity was the fastest and same category with both consonants was the longest -illustrated mental representations/operations

Question 32

Independent Variable

Answer 32

- variable that gets changed - x axis

Question 33

Dependent Variable

Answer 33

- variable that gets measured - y axis

Question 34

internal transformations

Answer 34

Mental representations undergo internal transformations. * Memory alters how we perceive something. * Info processing also subject to attentional constraints.

Question 35

Sternberg's Memory Comparison Task

Answer 35

Said that four primary mental operations are completed serially: 1. Encoding (identifying) 2. Comparing 3. Deciding 4. Responding

Question 36

Serial Processing vs Parallel Processing

Answer 36

Serial is processing one thing at a time where parallel is processing multiple things at once

Question 37

Stroop Task

Answer 37

colors and words - trying to say the color of the word while the word is also a color; showed that reading interferes with other cognitive tasks

Question 38

neuropsychologists

Answer 38

investigate the relationship between brain function and behavior, often examining how injuries, diseases, or other conditions affect cognitive processes and behavior.

Question 39

How much oxygen does the brain use? How much mass does it take up?

Answer 39

20%; 2%

Question 40

Is gray or white matter affected by TBIs

Answer 40

Both white and gray matter is affected

Question 41

What are some consequences of TBI?

Answer 41

Edema (swelling) around the lesion (limited space within the skull causes an increase in the intracranial pressure, in turn reducing the perfusion pressure and flow of blood throughout the brain. This could result in ischemia or the emergence of secondary lesions.

Question 42

What can TBI/concussions or even mild TBIs lead to ?

Answer 42

neurodegenerative diseases

Question 43

Lesion studies

Answer 43

assume that brain injury disturbs or eliminates the processing ability of the affected structure.

Question 44

single vs double dissociations

Answer 44

Establishing a single dissociation between two functions provides limited and potentially misleading information, whereas a double dissociation can conclusively demonstrate that the two functions are localized in different areas of the brain.

Question 45

Pharmacological study

Answer 45

An experimental method in which the independent variable is the administration of a chemical agent or drug

Question 46

advantages and disadvantages of TMS

Answer 46

Advantages: Safe way to disrupt the activity of the brain, Within-subjects design Disadvantages: Poor spatial resolution, Inconsistent results

Question 47

When a brain area becomes more active, two relevant changes occur:

Answer 47

1. Blood vessels dilate to allow more blood flow to the area. 2. As the brain area uses oxygen, the percentage of hemoglobin with oxygen decreases.