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Environmental Bio Exam 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are habitats?

A

A natural environment of an organism, the place in which it is “natural for it to live and grow.”

A zone where an organism lives where it can “find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction.”

A set of “specified conditions” at a specified place

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2
Q

Abiotic is?

A

Not alive (Physics and Chemistry)

Temp
pH
Solar Radiation
Water
Pressure
Sound

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3
Q

Biotic is?

A

Alive (Other organisms that are positive and negative)

Competition
Disease/parasite
Predators
Prey
Primary producers
Mates

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4
Q

What are environmental gradients?

A

A change in an abiotic factor from one place to another

High elevations mountain slopes
Mid elevation transition zone
Low elevation grassland
(Temperature, pressure, elevation, rainfall, plant life)

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5
Q

What do plants have for adaptation?

A

Nutrients from soil
co2 from atmosphere
Desiccations - cuticle
“Transpiration”
Vascularization
rigidity - cell wall
Gamete propagation

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6
Q

What do animals have for adaptation?

A

skin/cuticle - prevent water loss
Moist respiration surface
Stronger endo/exoskeleton
Size
Homeostasis

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7
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

regulation

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

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8
Q

How do you measure oceans?

A

How far from land
Off shore (pelagic)
Depth (epipelagic, hadalpelagic)

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9
Q

What are some facts about seawater?

A

Sodium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium

4 billion years old = ocean

Light in water: Photic Zone - where the light is in the water ~ 40 - 600m

Aphotic Zone > 600 m

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10
Q

Does fresh water become less dense when being frozen over?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What are the gasses in seawater?

A

Cold Liquids hold more gas

Warm liquids holds less gas

CO2 produces more by cold waters, organisms, volcanic activity

O2 is made more in the water’s surface due to plants that gather sunlight at the top

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12
Q

What is pressure for seawater?

A

Sea level to space = 1 ATM (atmosphere) Absolute pressure

Air spaces gets compressed when going into the depths of the oceans

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13
Q

What is Pycnocline?

A

depths of rapid density changes

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14
Q

What is thermocline?

A

rapid temp changes

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15
Q

What is Halocline?

A

rapid salinity changes

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16
Q

How do Pycnocline, Thermocline, and Halocline affect one another?

A

When temp changes, so does density

Change salinity, change density

Fresh water is less dense than saltwater

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17
Q

Salinity changes where?

A

nearshore and estuary environments

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18
Q

What’s estuary?

A

the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream.

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19
Q

Does Density difference between fresh and saltwater cause stratification?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What is brackish water?

A

where saltwater and freshwater are mixed

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21
Q

Does Salinity tolerances determine an organism’s habitat?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Primary Production

A

Pertain to plants

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23
Q

The term ________________ is used to quantify the amount of carbon locked into biomass - the amount fixed by photosynthesis

A

Production

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24
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

Carbon + water -> Sugar + Oxygen

Rate function - Carbon/unit area (Volume)/Time

25
What is Gross Primary Production?
total amount of fixed carbon
26
What is Net Primary Production?
Biomass or carbon produced by primary produced in a given area and time the amount let to support other trophic levels (GPP - growth and maintenance respiration by plants)
27
What is Phytoplankton?
the autotrophic (photosynthesizing) component of the plankton community (1st) Floating algae or blue-green algae - photosynthetic Primary producers in the ocean.
28
What is Zooplankton?
the heterotrophic component of the plankton community (2nd) Usually larval stage of floating animals (animal-like, may be the larval state of fishes) May eat other plankton (non-photosynthetic)
29
What are the factors of Primary Production?
Latitude - Seasonal Variations Species distribution - how species fair for sunlight and temperature Nutrient concentration - how much nutrients determine where its going to be Nutrients that matter, not the cold water
30
What is Zonation?
The categorization of communities of organisms based on their distribution or arrangement in a habitat A gradual change in communities (especially plants) caused by changes in habitat; the effect on communities produced by environmental gradients Gradual change in vegetation. The boundaries of zones are often caused by competition (resource partitioning) between neighboring populations and by abiotic factors along an environmental gradient that affect species competitiveness.
31
What are the distinct horizontal banding of organisms for the intertidal Zonation?
Supralittoral fringe Midlittoral Zone Infralittoral fringe
32
Explain the plants growth reasoning for the Intertidal Zonation.
Vascular plants can’t handle salinity Temperature/shade for plants to grow Soil
33
What is the Intertidal Zone?
The part of the seashore between high and low tides, where marine organisms are periodically out of the water smallest area of world oceans Greatest variations in environmental factors Inhabited primarily by marine organisms
34
What is the most influencing factor for the Intertidal Zone?
The tide
35
What are the effects when it comes to the tides influence in Intertidal Zones?
Air exposure - longer exposed desication and temp extremes Timing of exposure - midday timing different than exposure at night
36
What is another name for Intertidal Zone?
Littoral Zone
37
What is Deep Sea Zonation?
Shallow water that surrounds land masses accounts for less than 10% of the area of the world’s ocean This region, plus the offshore waters lit by the sun 90% of the ocean is composed of dark, cold waters
38
What is Forest Zonation?
natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct altitudes due to varying environmental conditions. Temperature, humidity, soil composition, and solar radiation
39
What is another name for Forest Zonation?
Altitudinal gradients
40
Does each zone support different vegetation and animal species?
Yes it may.
41
What is Relative importance?
calculated using size and abundance. The dominant species according to RI stand out above the dashed line.
42
What is Asymmetrical Zonation?
Windward side - water gets dumped and goes up the hill Leeward side - dry air goes down the hill
43
In places where optimal factors are present, you will find what?
Location of organisms Distribution of factors => Distribution of organisms
44
Factors are often ___________ resulting in a ____________ distribution of an organism.
Patchy
45
What is the most important climatic factor for land organisms? (Plants, animals, fungi, etc.)
Water
46
What happens to light as it goes deeper into the oceans depths?
Refraction. Light intensity gradually reduced with depth Changes in color and gets dimmer/dark
47
What are filter feeders?
Feed on Plankton in the water column Rely on food particles from the current Benthic (i.e. attached) EX: clams, sponges, fish, etc.)
48
What dominates marine ecosystems?
Animals
49
What dominates terrestrial ecosystems?
Plants
50
what is desiccation?
Removal of moisture, drying out
51
Land animals need mechanical support in the form of what?
Internal/external skeletons (Mechanical plan rather than architectural plan)
52
What counters gravity in the water that allows it to easily float?
Buoyancy
53
_________ is a way to reduce the force of water/air.
Streamlining
54
Stiff organisms are ________, __________, and ___________ together for mutual support.
Short, streamlined, and tightly clumped
55
_________ and __________ can only occur where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
Survival and Growth
56
What colors penetrate further into the water's depths?
Blue and green light
57
Shorter wavelengths have _____________ and can ____________.
More energy; penetrate to deeper depths
58
Longer wavelengths have ___________ and thus get ________________ as they go through the water column
Less energy; scattered easily

Environmental Bio Exam 1 (4 decks)

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