chapter 3

Question 1

study of prenatal development

Answer 1

explains development and importance of remarkable changes in size, form and behavior from zygote to new born

Question 2

Periods of prenatal development

Answer 2

3 broad periods, germinal (conception to 8/10 days later)
Embryonic (10 day to end of 8th week)
fetal period (9 week-birth)

Question 3

germinal period

Answer 3

conception to 8/10 days later - lasts until zygote enters uterus and become implanted

Question 3

Germinal period: totipotent cells

Answer 3

ability to develop a whole embryo - causes monozygotic twins

Question 4

Germinal period: cleavage

Answer 4

first divisions of the zygotic cells into other cells

Question 5

Germinal period: zygote

Answer 5

fertilized egg - single cell that results from the union of an egg& sperm

Question 6

Germinal period : blastocyst

Answer 6

cluster of dividing cells made by a fertilized egg

Question 7

Germinal period: heterochrony

Answer 7

different parts of the organism develop at different rates (privilege certain areas over other)

Question 8

Embryonic period: amnion

Answer 8

Thin membrane that contains the embryo and the amniotic fluid

Question 8

Germinal period: heterogeneity

Answer 8

variability in the level of development in different areas of the organism at different times

Question 9

Embryonic period: chorion

Answer 9

membrane around the amnion that later becomes the placenta

Question 10

Embryonic period: placenta

Answer 10

made of tissue of both the mother and the fetus/embryo, important in exchange between mother and embryo

Question 11

Embryonic period: umbilical cord

Answer 11

connects the organism to the placenta

Question 12

Embryonic period: Organ development

Answer 12

all major organs take primitive shape

Question 13

Embryonic period: sex differentiations

Answer 13

begins in the seventh week, testis: determining factor gene (TDF) flips on
androgens; testosterone hormones, not genes determine sex

Question 14

Embryonic period: cephalocaudal pattern

Answer 14

pattern of development that proceeds from the head down

Question 15

Embryonic period: proximodistal pattern

Answer 15

pattern of development that proceeds from the middle of the organism out to the periphery

Question 16

Fetal period

Answer 16

9th week to birth, dramatic growth in weight & length, brains & all organs increase in capacity

Question 17

Fetal period: sensory capacities

Answer 17

touch, sensing motion, hearing (parent’s voices)

Question 18

Fetal period: early learning in the womb

Answer 18

mostly hears parent’s voice, can differentiate between mother’s voice and others right out of the womb, tell specific vowels from native language

Question 19

Fetal period: activity

Answer 19

active with 8 weeks post conception, capable of all newborn movements at 15 weeks contributes to neural connections

Question 20

maternal conditions: Stress

Answer 20

anxiety/stress linked to ,measurable & long lasting effects on infant. stress hormones pass through amniotic placenta into amniotic fluid.

Question 21

maternal conditions: stress p2

Answer 21

babies w/stressed mothers: fussy, fearful, to have slowed neurological development,
lower IQ at age 17 months , born with smaller head circumference.

Question 22

Maternal condition: traditional tools for monitoring fetal development

Question 23

nutrients

Answer 23

folic acid (reduce risk of spina bifida) B12 (DNA synthesis) calcium (prevent tooth lose)

Question 24

undernourishment

Answer 24

food intake insufficient to develop or function normally

Question 25

malnutrition

Answer 25

imbalance between body's needs and intake of nutrients

Question 26

over nourishment

Answer 26

large-for-gestational age infants - complicated birth, increased chance of diabetes and becoming overweight

Question 27

sensitive periods and teratogens

Answer 27

some medications/ substances can cause issues if given or ingested during a particular sensitive period

Question 28

teratogens

Answer 28

environmental agents that can cause deviations from normal development and can lead to abnormalities or death

Question 29

FAS