Chapter 3

Question 1

What are the central issues in D.P.?

Answer 1

1. Nature vs nurture.
2. Critical periods of development.
3. Stages or continuous development.

Question 2

What are the stages of development?

Answer 2

1. Prenatal.
2. Infant.
3. School aged child.
4. Adolescence.
5. Adulthood.
6. Older ages.

Question 3

Why is it important to healthcare works to care for prenatal development?

Answer 3

The fetus and embryo is susceptible to different dangers such as teratogens.

Question 4

What happens in the period of development for infants?

Answer 4

1. Rapid period of physical growth and development.
2. They possess adaptive reflexes such as sucking reflex.
3. Motor skills develop from head to toe.

Question 5

What happens in the period of development of toddlers?

Answer 5

1. They have larger heads and disproportionately smaller bodies.
2. They start to possess gross motor skills and fine motor skills.

Question 6

What are the Gross Motor activities in toddlers?

Answer 6

1. 2-5-3.5 years: walks competently, runs in straight line, and jumps in air with both feet.
2. 3.5-4.5 years: walking stride of 80% of adults, runs at one third of adult speed, throws and catches large but stiff armed.
   3: 4.5-5.5 years: balances on one foot, runs reasonable distance without falling, can swim for short distances.

Question 7

What are fine motor skills in toddlers?

Answer 7

1. 2.5-3.5 years: copies a circle, can eat using utensils, stacks a few small blocks.
2. 3.5-4.5 years: copes with large buttons, copies simple shapes, and draws representational drawings.
3. 4.5-5.5 years: draws people, use scissors, copies simple letters and stacks complex blocks.

Question 8

What are toddlers self care skills?

Answer 8

1. Self feeding.
2. Dressing.
3. Toileting.

Question 9

What are ADL skills in toddlers?

Answer 9

1. Setting up table.
2. Picking up toys.
3. Washing vegetables.
4. Helping parents.

Question 10

What happens in the period of development of school aged children?

Answer 10

1. Growth slows down.
2. Body parts even out (center gravity is gone)
3. Gross motor skills improve.
4. Hand eye coordination.
5. Based on opportunity than graduated and expected change (improve in skills)

Question 11

What happens in the development period of adolescences?

Answer 11

1. Onset of puberty.
2. Internal organs increase in size.

Question 12

What happens in the developmental period of adulthood?

Answer 12

1. Peak performance.
2. Physical changes stop or slow down.
3. Loss in height (vertebrae settles)
4. Reaction times level off and stabilize.

Question 13

What happens in the developmental period of older adults?

Answer 13

1. Change in physical appearance.
2. Sensory changes.
3. Slowing of reflexes and motor/ sensory function.

Question 14

What is the model of social development?

Answer 14

A series of life stages or conflicts we all deal with. Development is an ongoing process throughout your life.

Question 15

What is the cognitive theory of development?

Answer 15

Children become increasingly competent over time.

Question 16

What are the stages of cognitive development?

Answer 16

1. Sensimotor: development of object permanence.
2. Preoperational: limited ability to share other perspectives.
3. Operational:
   -period of concrete theory (black and white view of the world)
   -able to classify objects into groups and recognize objects for all their different qualities.
4. Formal operational: logical systematic thinking, have the ability to think like scientists.

Question 17

What are the criticisms of cognitive development?

Answer 17

1. Underestimate the ability of children.
2. Never extended his theories beyond stage 4.
3. May demonstrate different skills at different ages.

Question 18

What is the sociocultural theory?

Answer 18

1. Children learn tools and knowledge of their communities.
2. Learning happens in 2 planes (intrapersonal-interpersonal)

Question 19

What is the zone of proximal development and stages?

Answer 19

-Represents what children can do alone and what they need assistance with.
-Language mastery plays an important role in cognitive development.
Stages:
1. Targeted ability.
2.Assisted ability.
3. Children’s current ability.

Question 20

What is the moral development theory?

Answer 20

Development a sense of right and wrong. Moral reasoning rather than overt behavior.

Question 21

What are the three levels of moral development?

Answer 21

1. Preconventional: right & wrong is determined by punishment and reward.
2. Conventional: right & wrong is determined by seeking others approval and rules and laws.
3. Post conventional: right & wrong is determined by societies rules and are not mandatory to follow