Chapter 3

Question 1

What are macromolecules?

Answer 1

Polymers made of smaller molecules

Question 2

Define monomer.

Answer 2

Single sub-unit

Question 3

Define polymer.

Answer 3

Chain of monomers

Question 4

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 4

Links monomers together; produces H2O

Question 5

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 5

Breaks polymers apart into monomers; consumes H2O

Question 6

What are carbohydrates composed of?

Answer 6

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Question 7

What is the primary fuel source for organisms?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates

Question 8

What is the most common formula for glucose?

Answer 8

C6H12O6

Question 9

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

Monosaccharide (simple sugar)

Question 10

What are the classifications of carbohydrates based on the number of monomers?

Answer 10

• Disaccharide - 2 monomers
• Oligosaccharide - 3-10 monomers
• Polysaccharide - more than 10

Question 11

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 11

2 monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond

Question 12

Give an example of a disaccharide.

Answer 12

• Sucrose (1 glucose + 1 fructose)
• Lactose (1 glucose + 1 galactose)

Question 13

What are polysaccharides primarily used for?

Answer 13

Store energy

Question 14

What is cellulose?

Answer 14

Structural component of plants; dietary fiber

Question 15

What is chitin?

Answer 15

Structural component of animals, fungi, and some algae

Question 16

What energy-dense macromolecule provides more than 2x as much energy as proteins and carbohydrates?

Answer 16

Lipids (Fats)

Question 17

What are the components of triglycerides?

Answer 17

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails

Question 18

What distinguishes unsaturated fats from saturated fats?

Answer 18

Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonded carbons

Question 19

What is a phospholipid?

Answer 19

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 hydrophilic phosphate group

Question 20

Describe the structure of proteins.

Answer 20

Polymers of amino acids

Question 21

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Answer 21

• DNA
• RNA

Question 22

What are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 22

• Phosphate
• Pentose sugar
• Nitrogenous base

Question 23

What is the function of DNA?

Answer 23

Codes for the amino acid sequence of proteins

Question 24

What is the role of RNA?

Answer 24

Converts DNA code into polypeptide

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The primary structure of proteins is formed from __________.

Answer 25

amino acids strung together with peptide bonds

Question 26

True or False: All carbohydrates are digestible.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

What are essential amino acids?

Answer 27

Amino acids that must be obtained from your diet

Question 28

What type of bond connects amino acids in proteins?

Answer 28

Peptide bonds

Question 29

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 29

Main 3-D structure of the protein

Question 30

What happens when a protein is denatured?

Answer 30

The protein structure is disrupted and it doesn't function properly

Question 31

What are the two families of nitrogen bases?

Answer 31

* Pyrimidines * Purines

Question 32

What is the role of cholesterol in cell membranes?

Answer 32

Keeps cell membranes fluid

Question 33

What is an example of a structural protein?

Answer 33

Collagen

Question 34

What are glycoproteins?

Answer 34

Oligosaccharides attached to small proteins

Question 35

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 35

Transport protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

Question 36

What are enzymes?

Answer 36

Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions