Chapter 3

Question 1

With age, arteries…

Answer 1

Accumulate fat deposits and stiffen

Question 2

With age, the heart…

Answer 2

Expands at the start of a beat and returns to its regular size at the end of a beat

Question 3

Hypertension

Answer 3

Blood pressure above normal levels, impairments in cognition

Question 4

Hypotension

Answer 4

Blood pressure below normal levels, leads to dizziness and increased risk of falling

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Buildup of fat deposits on and the calcification of arterial walls, increases risk of strokes

Question 6

Angina Pectoris

Answer 6

Chest pain that occurs when oxygen supply to the heart becomes

Question 7

Congestive heart failure

Answer 7

Severe decline of cardiac output and the ability of the heart to contract

Question 8

Myocardial infarctions / heart attack

Answer 8

Occur when blood supply to the heart is severely reduced or cut off

Question 9

Cerebrovascular accidents / strokes

Answer 9

May occur as a Blockage (blood flow to the brain is completely cut off) or a Hemorrhage (rupture of a blood vessel in the brain)

Question 10

(Respiratory system) As you age…

Answer 10

Rib cage and air passageways get stiffer and air sacs deteriorate

Question 11

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 11

Family of respiratory diseases

Question 12

Emphysema

Answer 12

Destruction of membranes around air sacs in lungs (causes holes in the lung)

Question 13

(Muscles) As you get older…

Answer 13

Muscle mass decreases (40% by age 80)

Question 14

(Bones) As you age…

Answer 14

Loss of bone mass as bones become for hollow and porous

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

Severe loss of bone mass

Question 16

(Joints) As you age…

Answer 16

cartilage in and around joints starts to deteriorate

Question 17

Osteoarthritis

Answer 17

Wear and tear on the cartilage surrounding joints

Question 18

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 18

Autoimmune disease affecting the lining of joints

Question 19

Cataracts

Answer 19

Opaque spots on the lens, limit light transmission

Question 20

Glaucoma

Answer 20

High pressure in the eye, causing damage and loss of vision

Question 21

(Eyes) As you age…

Answer 21

decreased light passing through the eye, worse color discrimination, worse ability to adjust and focus leading to difficulty with close vision

Question 22

Macular degeneration

Answer 22

Destroys receptors in the macula, can’t see color or details

Question 23

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 23

Forming new, weaker blood vessels that are susceptible to hemorrhage, can cause blindness

Question 24

(Vision) As you age…

Answer 24

Reduced ability to see details (esp. in low light)

Question 25

The range in hertz for how loud speech usually is

Answer 25

1000-4000 Hz

Question 26

Presbycusis

Answer 26

Decline in the ability to hear high pitched sounds (cumulative effects from environment)

Question 27

Sensory damage

Answer 27

Atrophy and degeneration of receptor cells

Question 28

Neural Damage

Answer 28

Loss of neurons in the auditory pathways in the brain

Question 29

Metabolic damage

Answer 29

Diminished supply of nutrients to the receptor area

Question 30

Mechanical damage

Answer 30

Atrophy and stiffening of the vibrating structure in the receptor area

Question 31

(Somatosensory) As you age...

Answer 31

Decreased temperature perception, increase in chronic pain

Question 32

(Balance) As you age...

Answer 32

Increase in dizziness and vertigo and falls, increase in time to integrate signals

Question 33

(Taste) As you age...

Answer 33

Decreased ability to perceive bitter and sour

Question 34

(Smell) As you age...

Answer 34

Loss of ability to detect smells

Question 35

Climacteric

Answer 35

Passage from reproductive to non-reproductive years

Question 36

Menopause

Answer 36

Point when menstruation stops

Question 37

Metabolic theory of aging

Answer 37

Organisms only have so much energy that they can expand in a lifetime, therefore, reducing metabolic rate will lengthen the lifespan

Question 38

Cellular theory of aging

Answer 38

Cells have a limited number of times they can divide

Question 39

Hayflick limit

Answer 39

Number of times a cell in the lab will divide (40-60)

Question 40

Telomere

Answer 40

Protective ends of DNA

Question 41

Free radicals

Answer 41

Highly reactive molecules formed randomly during metabolism and lead to DNA and protein damage

Question 42

Genetic programming theory of aging

Answer 42

The theory that our aging is programmed in our genetic code