Chapter 3

Question 1

coiled structures attached to hair follicles found in the underarm (axillary) and genital areas; secrete sweat

Answer 1

Apocrine glands

Question 2

small, involuntary muscles in the base of the hair follicle that cause goose flesh when the appendage contracts; sometimes called goosebumps and papillae

Answer 2

Arrector pili muscle

Question 3

protective barrier of the epidermis; the corneum and intercellular matrix protect the surface from irritation and dehydration

Answer 3

Barrier function

Question 4

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules; these membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells

Answer 4

Bilayers

Question 5

glycolipid materials that are a natural part of the skin’s intercellular matrix and barrier function

Answer 5

Ceramides

Question 6

fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in the reticular layer of the dermis; gives skin its firmness; topically, a large long-chain molecular protein that lies on the top of the skin and binds water; derived from the placentas of cows or other sources

Answer 6

Collagen

Question 7

redness; capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly seen with telangiectasia.

Answer 7

Couperose

Question 8

another name for a stratum corneum cell; hardened, waterproof, protective keratinocytes; these “dead” protein cells are dried out and lack nuclei

Answer 8

corneocytes

Question 9

contains nerve endings and supplies nourishment through capillaries to skin and follicles

Answer 9

epidermis

Question 10

also known as the derma, corium, cutis, or true skin; support layer of connective tissue, collagen, and elastin below the epidermis
desmosomes: the structures that assist in holding cells together; intercellular connections made of proteins

Answer 10

Dermis

Question 11

sweat glands found all over the body with openings on the skin’s surface through pores; not attached to hair follicles; secretions do not produce an offensive odor

Answer 11

Eccrine glands

Question 12

protein fiber found in the dermis; gives skin its elasticity and firmness

Answer 12

Elastin

Question 13

abbreviated EGF; stimulates cells to reproduce and heal

Answer 13

Epidermal growth factor

Question 14

outermost layer of skin; a thin protective layer with many cells, mechanisms, and nerve endings; is made up of five layers: stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum

Answer 14

Epidermis

Question 15

A type of melanin that is dark brown to black in color; people with dark-colored skin produce mostly eumelanin: there are two types of melanin: the other type is pheomelanin
fibroblasts: cells that stimulate collagen production and amino acids that form proteins to

Answer 15

Eumelanin

Question 16

hair follicles and sebaceous follicles are tubelike openings in the epidermis

Answer 16

Follicles

Question 17

caused by an elevation in blood sugar, glycation is the binding of a protein molecule to a glucose molecule resulting in the formation of damaged, nonfunctioning structures known as advanced glycation end products (also known as AGES); glycation alters protein structures and decreases biological activity

Answer 17

Glycation

Question 18

large protein molecules and water-binding substances found between the fibers of the dermis; GAGS are polysaccharide-protein and sugar complexes; they work to maintain and support collagen and elastin in the cellular spaces, keeping protein fibers in balance

Answer 18

glycosaminoglycans

Question 19

cone-shaped elevations at the base of the follicle that fit into the hair bulb; papillae are filled with tissue that contains the blood vessels and cells necessary for hair growth and follicle nourishment

Answer 19

Hair papillae

Question 20

abbreviated as HEV; light emitting from electronic devices, reported to penetrate the skin more deeply than UV rays; damages collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin

Answer 20

High-energy visible light

Question 21

hydrating fluids found in the skin; hydrophilic agent with water-binding properties

Answer 21

hyaluronic acid

Question 22

hydrolipidic film is an oil-water balance that protects the skin’s surface

Answer 22

hydrolipidic

Question 23

lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation

Answer 23

Intercellular matrix

Question 24

fibrous protein of cells that is also the principal component of skin, hair, and nails; provides resiliency and protection

Answer 24

Keratin

Question 25

epidermal cells composed of keratin, lipids, and other proteins

Answer 25

Keratinocytes

Question 26

guard cells of the immune system that sense unrecognized foreign invaders, such as bacteria, and then process these antigens for removal through the lymph system

Answer 26

Langerhans immune cells

Question 27

Organelles secreted from keratinocytes, resulting in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and required for correct skin barrier function. These bodies release components that are required for skin shedding (desquamation) in the stratum corneum.

Answer 27

Lamellar granules

Question 28

white blood cells that have enzymes to digest and kill bacteria and parasites; also respond to allergies located in the dermis; supply nourishment within the skin and remove waste

Answer 28

Leukocytes

Question 29

tiny grains of pigment (coloring matter) that are produced by melanocytes and deposited into cells in the stratum germinativum layer of the epidermis and in the papillary layers of the dermis; a protein that determines hair, eye, and skin color; produced as a defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun

Answer 29

Melanin

Question 30

cells that produce skin pigment granules in the basal layer

Answer 30

Melanocytes

Question 31

pigment carrying granules that produce melanin, a complex protein

Answer 31

Melanosomes

Question 32

:top layer of the dermis; next to the epidermis

Answer 32

Papillary layer

Question 33

type of melanin that is red and yellow in color; people with light-colored skin produce mostly pheomelanin; two types of melanin; the other is eumelanin

Answer 33

pheomelanin

Question 34

tubelike opening for sweat glands on the epidermis

Answer 34

Pores

Question 35

deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients; contains fat cells, blood vessels, sudoriferous (sweat) glands, hair follicles, lymph vessels, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and nerve endings

Answer 35

Reticular layer

Question 36

chronic condition that appears primarily on the cheeks and nose and is characterized by flushing (redness), telangiectasis (distended or dilated surface blood vessels), and, in some cases, the formation of papules and pustules

Answer 36

Rosacea

Question 37

also known as oil glands; protect the surface of the skin; appendages connected to follicles

Answer 37

Sebaceous glands

Question 38

oil that provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair

Answer 38

Sebum

Question 39

also known as horny layer, outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of corneocytes

Answer 39

Stratum corneum

Question 40

also known as basal cell layer, active layer of the epidermis above the papillary layer of the dermis; cell mitosis takes place here to produce new epidermal skin cells (responsible for growth)

Answer 40

stratum germinativum

Question 41

also known as granular layer, layer of the epidermis composed of cells filled with keratin that resemble granules; replaces cells shed from the stratum

Answer 41

stratum granulosum

Question 42

clear, transparent layer of the epidermis under the stratum corneum; thickest on the palms of hands and soles of feet

Answer 42

stratum lucidum

Question 43

also known as the spiny layer, layer of the epidermis above the stratum germinativum (basal) layer containing desmosomes, the intercellular connections made of proteins

Answer 43

stratum spinosum

Question 44

also known as hypodermis; subcutaneous adipose (fat) tissue located beneath the dermis; protective cushion; energy storage for the body

Answer 44

subcutaneous layer

Question 45

also known as adipose tissue; fatty tissue found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin

Answer 45

subcutis tissue

Question 46

also known as sweat glands; excrete perspiration, regulate body temperature, and detoxify the body by excreting excess salt and unwanted chemicals

Answer 46

sudoriferous glands

Question 47

identify molecules that have foreign peptides; help regulate immune response

Answer 47

T cells

Question 48

capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger, or distended, blood vessels; commonly called couperose skin

Answer 48

telangiectasia

Question 49

abbreviated TEWL; water loss caused by evaporation on the skin's surface

Answer 49

transepidermal water loss

Question 50

the enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and thus produces melanin

Answer 50

Tyrosinase

Question 51

also known as aging rays; longer wavelengths ranging between 320 and 400 nanometers that penetrate deeper into the skin than UVB; cause genetic damage and cell death; UVA contributes up to 95 percent of the sun's ultraviolet radiation.

Answer 51

UVA Radiation

Question 52

also known as burning rays; UVB wavelengths range between 290 and 320 nanometers; UVB rays have shorter, burning wavelengths that are stronger and more damaging than UVA rays; UVB causes burning of the skin as well as tanning, skin aging, and cancer

Answer 52

UVB radiation