Chapter 3 Flashcards
(26 cards)
What historical study highlighted ethical violations in research?
Tuskegee syphilis study
A notorious study that failed to treat infected participants.
What is the Nuremberg Code?
Ethical guidelines for research on humans
Established after WWII to prevent abuses seen in Nazi experiments.
What does the Nuremberg Code state about participation?
Participation is voluntary
Participants must be able to refuse or exit the study.
What is a key requirement of researchers according to the Nuremberg Code?
Researchers must be qualified and avoid harm
Ensures that studies are conducted safely and responsibly.
When was the APA Code codified?
1953
This code has been adopted by international associations.
What is a significant overlap between the APA Code and the Nuremberg Code?
Researchers must avoid deception
Ensures transparency in research practices.
What was the Milgram Obedience Study investigating?
If people would harm another based on orders from authority
Nearly two-thirds of participants administered shocks to confederates.
What was the Zimbardo Prison Experiment designed to study?
Behavior of individuals in a simulated prison environment
The study was stopped after a few days due to ethical concerns.
What does the Belmont Report outline?
Responsibilities of researchers and rights of participants
Emphasizes respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
What principle involves treating participants with dignity and ensuring informed consent?
Respect for persons
Involves providing participants with all necessary information.
What is a risk-benefit analysis?
Evaluation of risks compared to the benefits of the study
A key component of ethical research regarding beneficence.
What are the types of risks researchers must consider?
- Physical
- Psychological
- Reputational
- Social
- Emotional
Understanding these risks helps in ethical planning of research.
What does the principle of justice in research emphasize?
Fair selection of participants and treatment
Ensures that vulnerable groups are not exploited.
What is the role of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?
Oversee research to ensure ethical practices
Must have at least five qualified members.
What are exempt studies?
Studies with the smallest amount of risk to participants
These are given a brief initial review and exempt from further reviews.
What characterizes expedited studies?
Minimal risks reviewed by one board member
May involve small physical or psychological risk.
What defines full-review studies?
Studies with the highest amount of risk
Each member of the IRB reviews the research proposal.
What are the criteria for IRB approval?
- Researcher minimizes unnecessary risk
- Risk justified by potential benefits
- Appropriate selection of participants
- Documented informed consent
Essential for ethical research oversight.
What is required regarding deception and debriefing in research?
Justification for deception and proper debriefing
Participants must be informed of the study’s true nature post-experiment.
What percentage of psychological research involves animals?
7–8 percent
Animals are used when procedures won’t allow for human subjects.
What is required for the justification of animal studies?
Clear scientific purpose and risk–benefit analysis
Ensures ethical treatment of animal subjects.
What does the Animal Welfare Act set standards for?
Care of animals used in research
Researchers must meet or exceed USDA guidelines.
What must researchers ensure regarding the discomfort of animals?
Minimize discomfort as much as possible
Monitoring for unanticipated negative effects is crucial.
What are the two primary issues in ethics regarding research reporting?
- Errors in data
- Plagiarism
Researchers are responsible for correcting or announcing errors.
