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Nutrition > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define lumen

A

inner space in the GI tract that is continuous from one end to another

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2
Q

Tongue function

A

detects taste sensation and aids with moving food around the mouth, chewing and swalloing

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3
Q

define pharynx

A

short tube in the throat- branches into digestive system and respiratory system

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4
Q

epiglottis

A

closes airway into the lungs

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5
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

opens during swallowing ; bolus passes down through the esophagus and into a hole in the diaphragm into the stomach

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6
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

prevents food from coming back up

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7
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between stomach and small intestine

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8
Q

3 segments of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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9
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

22 feet

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10
Q

circulatory system in the digestive system

A

heart–> arteries–> capillaries in the small intestine–> hepatic portal vein–> capillaries in the liver –> hepatic vein–> heart

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11
Q

Why does the nutrients absorbed from the digestive system go to the liver first?

A

To be filtered before entering the general bloodstream

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12
Q

enteric nervous system

A

the GI’s nervous system that consists of complex series of neurons within the GI system

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13
Q

Define the main purpose of the digestive system

A

take in food and break it down into nutrients that cells can use

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14
Q

what is the role of the bloodstream in the digestive system?

A

nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body

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15
Q

Digestive tract pathway

A

1.Mouth
2. esophagus
3. stomach
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Rectum/anus

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16
Q

Liver Function

A
  • produces bile to break down fats
  • sampling the blood, detoxifies substances, preparing waste products for excretions
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17
Q

what is the role of the gal bladder?

A

stores bile and releases it to the stomach and the small intestine

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18
Q

Pancreases function

A

produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine to help neutralize stomach acid (chyme). Enzymes mixed with chyme

releases sodium bicarbonate

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of digestion

A

mechanical & chemical

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20
Q

define mechanical digestion

A

the tearing, crushing, & mashing of food

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21
Q

examples of mechanical digestion

A

taking a bite, muscles of stomach contract and relax

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22
Q

define chemical digestion

A

enzymes help break down food into nutrients

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23
Q

Give an example of chemical digestion

A

salivary amylase

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24
Q

Describe the digestive journey in the mouth

A
  • Food is mixed with saliva
  • saliva helps break down starches
  • Food becomes a soft mass called bolus
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25
describe the digestive journey in the esophagus
- Process called peristalsis moves food downward - Walls lined with mucous for easier passage
26
describe the digestive journey in the stomach
- Food mixes with digestive juices and bolus - Becomes a liquid called chyme - pH is highly acidic
27
describe the digestive journey in the small intestine
- Most nutrient absorption occurs here - Contains structures called microvilli that increase surface area - Mixes with chemicals from pancreas and liver
28
describe the digestive journey in the large intestine
- Also called the colon - Absorbs water and minerals - Contains waste until passed to rectum
29
describe the digestive journey in the rectum/anus
stores solid waste = feces, until it is eliminated from the body through the anus. Holds the rectum closed until ready to open for elimination. Elimination = poop :)
30
What are some factors that help with absorption (biological factors not food)?
villi/microvilli- nutrients go into the capillaries of the villi through the thin walls microbioata
31
What are the primary roles of the lymphatic system
1. Regulates tissue pressure & fluid status 2. Assists with the transportation of nutrients and other substances within the intestine 3. Specifically transports the products of fat digestion into the bloodstream
32
what is a similarity between the stomach, liver and pancrease?
secrete chemicals that break down food
33
Where are the GI hormones produced?
in the stomach & intestines & pancreas
34
Gastrin secretion purpose & process
To maintain a pH of 1.5, the hormone stimulates the stomach glands to secrete hydrochloric acid from the stomach wall when the pH is high and it turns off when the appropriate acidity is reached
35
Secretin function
A hormone that is secreted from the duodenal wall in response to the acidic chyme in the small intestine which signals the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme in the small intestine
36
Define cholecystokinin
A hormone that is secreted from the intestinal wall in response to fat or protein in the small intestine which stimulates the gallbladder & pancreas to secrete bile in the duodenum to emulsify fats;bicarbonate and enzyme-rich juices secreted into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH, digest fats and proteins and slow GI tract motility
37
Somatic Nervous system function
controls voluntary movements
38
What travels faster? Nerve impulses or hormonal messages?
nerve impulses
39
Mesentery
a fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place.
40
where does majority of the nutrient absorption occur?
in the small intestine
41
Carbohydrates digestion/ enzyme activation
Mouth → salivary amylase Stomach → digestion ceases Small intestine → pancreatic enzymes Large intestine →fiber action
42
Where are carbohydrates primarily absorbed via what transport?
small intestine; active transport
43
where are carbohydrates transported to
into the blood stream
44
what hormones regulate carbohydrates and how?
Insulin (decreases) Glucagon (increases)= regulates blood sugar
45
Small Lipids digestion / enzyme activation
Mouth → hard fats melt Stomach → separates from watery GI juices Small Intestine: →emulsified by bile and absorbed in the blood and pancreatic and intestinal lipases
46
Large lipids digestion/enzyme activation
Mouth → hard fats melt Stomach → separates from watery GI juices Small Intestine → emulsified by bile and absorbed into lymphatic system
47
Where are small Lipids and large lipids absorbed into?
blood; lymphatic system & transported there too
48
what hormone regulates fats and protein
cholecystokinin
49
protein digestion/ enzyme activation
Mouth → Moistened by saliva Stomach → uncoils and mixes with gastric acid; gastric protease Small Intestine →breakdown depends on pancreatic and intestinal proteases small fragments of protein are absorbed
50
where are proteins transported and absorbed innto
the bloodstream
51
where are the vitamins absorbed & then transported?
in the small intestine fat soluble goes to lymphatic system water soluble goes to blood stream
52
where are minerals and water absorbed and then transported into
absorbed in the large intestine and transported into the bloodstream
53
1. Which dietary factors not listed above influence the processes of DAT?
Nutrients in other food can enhance or inhibit absorption of nutrients= vitamin c and iron Low fiber diet→ constipation
54
2. Which structural factors not listed above influence the processes of DAT?
Damage to the tissues of the organs; celiac disease; leaky gut syndrome
55
what are the six main steps of digestion
1. ingestion 2. propulsion 3. mechanical breakdown 4. chemical digestion 5. absoprtion 6. defecation
56
define the alimentary canal
the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
57
what is the submucosal layer?
the second layer responsible for the elasticity of the GI tract
58
The purpose of the mechanical part of digestion is to
increase the surface area of that bite of food
59
how long is the large intestine?
5 feet
60
GI motility
The ability of the digestive tract to move
61
Goblet cells:
Secretes mucus
62
Hepatic portal vein:
The vein that collects blood from the GI tracts & conducts it to the liver; nutrients from carbohydrates get absorbed through the small intestinal wall and into this vein
63
Prebiotics
Support the growth & activity of bacteria
64
Probiotics
Live microbes that positively change the conditions in the GI tract
65
enzymes in stomach
hydrocholoric acid protease
66
enzymes in pancreas
protease lipase amylase
67
small intestine enzymes
peptidase sucrase maltase lactase

Nutrition (5 decks)

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