chapter 3 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Three Types of Rocks
A
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
2
Q
Formed by cooling and solidification of magma
A
Igneous Rocks
3
Q
Igneous came from the Latin word ________ which means fire
A
ignis
4
Q
Two Major Types of Igneous Rocks
A
Intrusive Rocks
Extrusive Rocks
5
Q
Type of igneous rock that are at the crust surface
A
Extrusive Rocks
6
Q
Type of igneous rocks that are beneath the earth’s surface
A
Intrusive Rocks
7
Q
Two Groups of Intrusive Rocks
A
Plutonic Rocks
Hypabyssal Rocks
8
Q
These are rocks that crystallize at great depths
A
Plutonic Rocks
9
Q
These are formed when magma solidifies close to the earth surface
A
Hypabyssal Rocks
10
Q
General Properties of Igneous Rocks
A
- They all contain minerals.
- The majority are made up of silicate materials.
- The process of igneous rock formation cannot be directly observed.
- They can be fine-grained or coarse-grained.
- Lava that cools quickly often has a glassy texture.
11
Q
Igneous Rocks Textures
A
Aphanitic
Glassy
Phaneritic
Porphyritic
12
Q
describes the texture of fine-grained igneous rock
A
Aphanitic
13
Q
texture that is similar to broken glass
A
Glassy
14
Q
texture in which mineral grains are large enough to be seen with the unaided eye
A
Phaneritic
15
Q
texture of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix
A
Porphyritic
16
Q
Classification of Igneous Rocks
A
Felsic Igneous Rock
Intermediate Igneous Rock
Mafic Igneous Rock
Ultramafic Igneous Rock
17
Q
This is an igneous rock, so it is commonly found underground near volcanoes and it can occur as border rocks around granitic and other plutons. It can also be found in the oceanic crust, especially near mid-ocean ridges and ancient mountains that were formed from compressed and uplifted oceanic crust.
A
Gabbro
18
Q
Properties of Gabbro
A
- dense mafic rock
- dark grey to black in color
- has a medium to coarse grained texture
19
Q
silica content of gabbro
A
45–52%
20
Q
This is an igneous rock characterized by the large crystals that it contains which can be meters long, and its variable texture. It forms at the end of the stage of a magma’s crystallization when water separates from magma pockets along the margins of batholiths where it is often found. It yields useful dimension stones and stone aggregates for the construction industry.
A
Pegmatite
21
Q
Properties of Pegmatite
A
- plutonic rock, of variable texture and coarseness
- yellowish-white rock
22
Q
Pegmatite is mainly composed of three minerals:
A
quartz, orthoclase (K-feldspar), and albite (Na-feldspar)
23
Q
This is a dark-colored igneous rock that occurs in dikes, sills, and other shallow intrusions in the Earth’s crust. It is also known as diabase in North America. It is commonly found in regions of tectonic extension.
A
Dolerite
24
Q
This is chemically and mineralogically similar to gabbro so it is also called “microgabbro”, but with significantly smaller crystal grains, essentially making it a “fine-grained” version of gabbro.
A
Dolerite
25
This is an igneous rock and it’s the most common volcanic rock on Earth. It is also present on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury.
Basalt
26
Properties of Basalt
- light grey to black in color
- basalt fibers can be mixed with concrete to improve its cracking energy absorption
27
Basalt is rich in _______ and __________ and is mainly formed of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase.
iron, magnesium
28
A hard and tough rock with an average density between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm. It is found in abundance in all continents as part of the continental crust. It is a type of igneous rock that is strong and durable. It is composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, and is often used for countertops, flooring, and other decorative purposes.
Granite
29
Average density of granite
between 2.65 and 2.75 g/cm
30
Granite is rich in _______; therefore it is very much resistant to decay.
silica
31
Other minerals that may be present in a piece of granite include ________ and __________.
amphibole
muscovite
32
Granite are primarily formed from ____________.
continental crust.
33
It forms from the slow crystallization of magma below Earth's surface.
Granite
34
This is a coarse- grained intrusive igneous rock with a general composition similar to that of granite, but deficient in quartz.
Syenite
35
This is the major mineral component of syenite, total feldspar content is > 65% and quartz is typically lacking.
Alkali feldspar
36
Syenite generally forms in __________________, or in _______________.
thick continental crustal areas
Cordilleran subduction zones
37
This is a relatively rare rock that is gray or dark- gray in color, with coarse grains.
Diorite
38
The mineral composition of diorite is primarily composed of ______________ and ___________.
plagioclase feldspars and amphibole
39
Smaller amounts of _________, _________, and _________ may also be found in diorite
pyroxene, biotite, and quartz
40
Diorite is produced in __________, and in _________ where it can occur in large volumes as batholiths in the roots of mountains.
volcanic arcs
mountain building
41
These are rocks made of lithified sediments
Sedimentary Rocks
42
These rocks also form in deposits of pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms that accumulate on the earth's surface.
Sedimentary Rocks
43
It often have distinctive layering of bedding.
Sedimentary Rocks
44
Are loose, solid particles originating from:
- Weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks
- Chemical precipitation from solution including secretion by organisms in water
Sediments
45
Types of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
Chemical Sedimentary Rock
Organic Sedimentary Rock
46
it is formed from broken rocks fragments weathered and eroded by river, glacier, wind, and sea waves
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
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rocks fragments include __________, ________, and ___________
pebble, sand silt, and clay
48
It usually formed in water environment such as river, lakes, ocean but can also form in deserts.
Clastic Sedimentary Rock
49
Formed when the water components evaporated, leaving dissolved minerals behind. It is very common in arid lands such as the deposits of salts and gypsum.
Chemical Sedimentary Rock
50
Formed from the accumulation of any animals or plants debris such as shells and bones.
Organic Sedimentary Rock
51
Plants and animals debris have _______ minerals in them that pile on the sea floor over time to form organic sedimentary rock.
calcium
52
Forms in marine environments due to accumulation of coral, shell fragments, and calcite precipitation.
Limestone
53
Limestone are found in _________, ___________, and __________.
sedimentary basins, continental shelves, and reefs
54
Major deposits of limestone are in _______, _________, and __________.
Europe, North America, and Asia
55
Often forms at the base of mountain ranges and near ancient river systems.
Sandstone
56
Sandstone are found in ___________, __________, and _____________.
fluvial (river), alluvial fan, and glacial deposits
57
Common in lake beds, floodplains, and deep marine environments
Conglomerate
58
Conglomerate are found in ______________ worldwide.
sedimentary basins
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Forms in fault zones, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and impact craters
Breccia
60
Breccia are found in ______________ regions.
tectonically active
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Common in river deltas, deserts, beaches, and shallow marine environments
Shale Rocks
62
Shale rocks are found in _____________ and _____________.
sedimentary basins and ancient riverbeds
63
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, generally _______ in color, and forms from the remains of once-living things at the bottom of the oceans.
white
64
_____________ generally contains shells or bones of animals or remains of plants.
Limestone
65
The remains of plants or animals from a long time ago are called _________.
fossils
66
This is formed when sand is glued (cemented) together.
Sandstone
67
Sandstone is mostly made up of ________.
quartz
68
Sandstone when formed in ________ may have a layer that looks like ripples or waves.
water
69
These rocks form from larger rocks, made up of round pebbles, stones, or even boulders that are carried by fast-moving water.
Conglomerate
70
The word Conglomerate originates from a Latin word that means ____________.
lumped together
71
Rocks mix with sand and are bound together by ____________.
natural cement
72
This rock is a clastic sedimentary rock made up of broken mineral fragments or rocks bonded together by a coarse-grained matrix that can be similar to or different from the composition of fragments.
Breccia
73
These can vary in color depending on their composition. They can be dark grey, greenish, reddish, and brown or yellowish brown.
Shale Rocks
74
Because of shales' ______________, they are relatively smooth.
finely-grained clay minerals
75
They easily break along thin layers or flat planes to varying degrees.
Shale Rocks
76
These are formed from the alteration of pre-existing rocks due to heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
Metamorphic rocks
77
This is the transformation of existing rock to rock with a different mineral composition or texture.
Metamorphism
78
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated Rocks
Non-foliated Rocks
79
Occurs over large areas due to tectonic forces. It involves both high pressure and temperature.
Foliated Rocks
80
Foliated rocks create foliated metamorphic rocks such as _______ and _________.
schist and gneiss
81
Occurs when rocks are subjected to high temperature due to their proximity to molten magma or lava.
Non-foliated rocks
82
Textures of Metamorphic Rocks
Crystalloblastic
Palimpsest (Relict)
83
Textures which have developed newly during the process of metamorphism
Crystalloblastic
84
Two kinds of Crystalloblastic Textures
Xenoblastic
Idioblastic
85
Textures which belong to parent rocks but still retained in metamorphism rocks
Palimpsest (Relict)
86
This is a non-foliated metamorphic rock composed almost entirely of quartz.
Quartzite
87
It is dominated by quartz, and in many cases, the original quartz grains of the sandstone are welded together with additional silica.
Quartzite
88
Quartzite is ___________________.
metamorphosed sandstone
89
It forms when a quartz-rich sandstone is altered by the heat, pressure, and chemical activity of metamorphism.
Quartzite
90
Characteristic and Physical Properties of Quartzite
Texture: Granular
Parent Rock: Sandstone
Hardness: 7 on Mohs scale hardness
Color: Pure quartzite is white but quartzite exists in a wide variety of color.
Other features: Generally gritty to touch.
Porosity: Quartzite has a range of porosities.
91
This is used for making bricks and other strong building materials.
Quartzite
92
This can be used as railroad track ballast because is so hard and durable.
Crushed quartzite
93
It can be used in many different shapes and forms including landscaping, building stone, as a feature wall, tiles or even stone cladding. Some of the most common uses indoors are floors, countertops, vanities, fireplace surrounds, etc.
Quartzite
94
At least 90% of quartzite rock is _______.
quartz
95
The purest form of silica found on Earth can be found in __________.
quartzite
96
The shade of quartzite is dependent upon the amount of ____________.
iron oxide
97
Quartzite can be found in many countries including ___________, ____________, and ____________.
Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States
98
The word “marble” derives from the Ancient Greek _______ , which means ______________.
mármaros
crystalline rock, shining stone
99
This is a granular metamorphic rock, it is derived from limestone or dolomite and it consists of a mass of interlocking grains of calcite or the mineral dolomite.
Marble
100
It is formed when limestone buried deep in the older layers of Earth’s crust is subjected to heat and pressure from thick layers of overlying sediments.
Marble
101
It may also form as a result of contact metamorphism near igneous intrusions.
Marble
102
Characteristics and Physical Properties of Marble
Color: White, pink
Parent Rock: Limestone
Grain size: medium grained; can see interlocking calcite crystals with the naked eye
Hardness – 3 on Mohs scale of hardness
Rocks Texture: Granoblastic, granular
103
Marble is a versatile and beautiful natural stone that has been used for centuries in a wide variety of applications:
Building and architecture
Sculpture
Countertops and tabletops
Flooring
Landscaping
Art and crafts
104
Slate comes from the Old French word _________ which means __________, from the verb slater, to shatter.
scalar
fragment
105
Is a fine-grained, foliated metamorphic rock this is created via the alteration of shale or mudstone by means of low-grade local metamorphism. It is famous for a extensive form of makes use of such as roofing, floors, and flagging due to its sturdiness and appealing look.
Slate
106
These are usually formed from mudstone that has been put under pressure and heated up during plate collisions and mountain building.
Slate
107
Characteristics and Physical Properties of Slate
Parent Rock: Shale, Mudstone, or Siltstone.
Color: Gray slate is common, but occurs in a variety of colors, including brown, purple, green, and blue.
Texture: Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Grain size: Very fine-grained; crystals not visible to the naked eye.
Hardness: Ranges between 2.5-4 on the Mohs scale
Other features : smooth to touch
108
Slate is mainly used for:
Roofing
Facade cladding Flooring
Decorative aggregate
Other uses: tables, countertops, plates for restaurant
109
Gneiss originates from the German word ________, meaning ________.
Gneiss
spark
110
It is a foliated metamorphic rock. It exhibits gneissic banding, characterized by thick foliation bands.
Gneiss
111
It forms under high-grade regional metamorphic conditions.
Gneiss
112
It develops from pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks.
Gneiss
113
It develops from the metamorphism of shale, granite, or volcanic rocks.
Gneiss
114
Characteristics and Physical Properties of Gneiss
Parent Rock: Shale, granite, and volcanic rocks.
Texture: Foliated, with foliation on a scale of centimeters or more.
Grain Size: Medium to coarse-grained; visible to the naked eye.
Hardness: Ranges from 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale.
Color: Alternating lighter and darker sub-parallel discontinuous bands.
Other Features: Generally rough to the touch
115
It is used as a dimension stone for construction, paving, and curbing projects.
Some types can be polished and used as architectural stone for tiles, wall facings, stair treads, window sills, countertops, and cemetery monuments.
Gneiss
116
The name "schist" comes from a Greek word meaning "_________."
to split
117
It is a foliated medium-grade metamorphic rock.
Schist
118
It contains well-developed mica minerals, such as biotite, chlorite, and muscovite.
Schist
119
It has a distinct schistosity texture, which gives it a layered appearance.
Schist
120
Characteristics and Physical Properties of Schist
Texture: Foliated, with a schistosity texture
Parent Rock: Shale, siltstone, and some sandstones.
Grain Size: Fine to medium-grained; crystals are often visible to the naked eye.
Hardness: Ranges from 4 to 5 on the Mohs scale.
Color: Typically consists of alternating lighter and darker bands, often with a shiny appearance.
Other Features: Smooth to the touch.
121
Historically used for building houses and walls.
Previously used to create decorative rock walls.
Currently used as a decorative stone and in jewelry-making.
Schist
