Chapter 3

Question 1

Population density formula

Answer 1

Dp= N/A
N is total population
A is land area covered by that population

Question 2

Factors influencing population density/distribution.

Answer 2

Environmental: Water, climate, resources.

Economic: Jobs, infrastructure.

Social: Healthcare, education.

Political: Stability, immigration policies.

Historical: Colonialism, wars.

Question 3

Population pyramid stages 2–5: Characteristics and examples.

Answer 3

Stage 2 (Expanding): Wide base (high birth rate), e.g., Nigeria.

Stage 3 (Expanding): Narrowing base (falling birth rate), e.g., India.

Stage 4 (Stable): Rectangular shape (low birth/death rates), e.g., USA.

Stage 5 (Declining): Top-heavy (aging population), e.g., Japan.

Question 4

Population size formula. How do birth/death/migration rates affect it?

Answer 4

Population Change=
(Births−Deaths+ (Immigration−Emigration)

High birth rate → growth.
High migration → shifts age/ethnic composition.

Question 5

Dependency ratio formulas. What does a high ratio mean?

Answer 5

Total Dependency Ratio:

Young (0-14) + Old (65+)
———————————- x 100
Working Age (15-64)

Working Age (15-64)
Young (0-14) + Old (65+)
​

Question 6

Population structure differences: HIC vs. LIC.

Answer 6

HIC: Aging population, low birth rate (e.g., Japan).

LIC: Youthful population, high birth rate (e.g., Niger).

Question 7

Impacts of aging populations.

Answer 7

Economic: Increased healthcare/pension costs.

Social: Labor shortages, family care burden.

Question 8

Three management strategies for aging populations.

Answer 8

Raise retirement age.

Encourage immigration.

Incentivize higher birth rates (e.g., parental leave).

Question 9

Three pronatalist strategies.

Answer 9

Cash incentives for children.

Paid parental leave.

Free childcare.

Question 10

Three antinatalist strategies.

Answer 10

China’s One-Child Policy.

Family planning education.

Contraceptive access.