Chapter 3 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
Africa
A
The second largest continent in the world, home to humans’ first ancestors
2
Q
Oral tradition
A
Passing down history from generation to generation by means of storytelling
3
Q
Sahara
A
The largest desert in the world, located on North Africa
4
Q
Savanna
A
The grassy plains of Africa which are Africa’s most populated region
5
Q
Kalahari
A
A desert located in South Arica
6
Q
Great Rift Valley
A
The world’s largest trench, running from Southeast Asia through East Africa which was a great way of transportation
7
Q
Kilimanjaro
A
The largest mountain in Africa near the Great Rift Valley close to the East coast
8
Q
Niger River
A
A river located in West Africa
9
Q
Nubia (Kush)
A
An ancient civilization of Africa on the Upper-Nile occurring at the same time as Egypt, located in Sudan. It fought for power with Egypt and was invaded by the Assyrians. It was polytheistic and ended when Axum conquered it. It had an alphabet which has not been deciphered
10
Q
Kush
A
Another word for Nubia
11
Q
Sudan
A
A modern-day country in North Africa, now split into North and South Sudan
12
Q
Ethiopia
A
A modern-day country in East Africa that remained Christian despite surrounding regions converting to Islam
13
Q
Rain forest
A
A dense forest which receives a lot of rain but has poor soil
14
Q
Axum
A
The Kingdom to the south of Nubia which conquered and ended it
15
Q
King Ezana
A
The King of Axum who conquered Kush
16
Q
Nok
A
The culture of West Africa
17
Q
Agrarian
A
Agriculture-based
18
Q
Bantu
A
The ROOT language of Ancient West African migrators
19
Q
Bantu Migration
A
The migration of West African farmers and herders to the south
20
Q
Griots
A
Historic professional storytellers
21
Q
Thin Soil
A
Poor soil that cannot sustain life of large plants, found in Central African Savannas
22
Q
Regular coastline
A
A coastline that is generally in a straight line
23
Q
Equator
A
The imaginary line running around the center of the globe with a latitude of 0
24
Q
Lineage
A
The tracing of ancestry
25
Matrilineal lineage
Ancestry of the mother's side, more important than patrilineal lineage in Ancient Africa
26
Patrilineal lineage
Ancestry on the father's side
27
Deities
gods or powerful god-like figures
28
Natural resources
Goods that come from nature which can be sold, traded, and bought EXAMPLE: salt and gold in West Africa
29
Ghana
The first kingdom in West Africa, "Land of the Kings"
30
Senegal River
A river in West Africa flowing northwest to the Atlantic Ocean
31
Almoravids
The Muslim kingdom to the North which conquered Ghana
32
Mali
The second kingdom of West Africa, "Where the King Dwells"
33
Sundiata
Founder of the Mali empire
34
Mansa Umsa
The greatest leader of Mali who traveled to Mecca and gave away gold to prove his devotion to Islam
35
Timbuktu
The capital of Ancient Mali
36
Mosque
A Muslim house of worship
37
Berbers
The North African kingdom who defeated Mali
38
Songhai
The 3rd kingdom of West Africa
39
What did the 3 Kingdoms of West Africa have in common (6)
- They ended when Northern nomads invaded
- Each was larger than the previous (Songhai: biggest, Ghana: smallest)
- Kingdoms of the Niger River
- They has salt in the NORTH and gold in the SOUTH
- They were Islamic
- They traded with the East, which led to Arab influence
40
King Sonni Ali
The founder of the Songhai empire
41
Askia Muhammad
The successor of Sonni Ali who set up a Muslim dynasty in the Songhai empire
42
Moroccans
The conquerers of Songhai from the North
43
Swahili
A Bantu language and culture of Africa
44
Bantu Kingdom
A tribe originating in central Africa
45
Great Zimbabwe
A civilization of East Africa which we have found large, impressive ruins of architecture
46
Imperialism
A political, cultural, and economical rule of one government over another
47
Colonialism
A political, cultural, and economic rule of one government over another with harsher rule and less freedom
48
Judaism
The1st of the 3 main monotheistic religions started by Abraham
49
Idolatry
The religious worship of idols
50
Ethical monotheism
A set of religious beliefs focused on one god and a set of moral principles
51
Abraham
The founder of Judaism who was told by G-d the Jewish people would be G-d's people and he would be their G-d
52
Moses
An ancient prophet of Judaism who received the10 commandments (Mosaic law)
53
Diaspora
The spreading of Jews around the word after the Babylonian captivity
54
Atheist
One who does not believe in a G-d
55
Agnostic
One who is unsure whether there is a G-d
56
Covenant
An agreement or promise
57
Prophet
A person who communicates with G-d, interprets his message, and shares it with others
58
Torah
The sacred, most important text of the Jews which contains the 5 books Genesis, Exodus, Deuteronomy, Leviticus, and Numbers
59
Talmud
Another sacred text of Jews which contains moral laws
60
Mosaic Law
The Ten Cmmandments
61
Province
An administrative unit of a country or empire
62
Governor
A leader of a state or province
63
Messiah
The appointed one, a savior sent by G-d
64
Jesus
The Jewish Messiah of Christians whose teachings were rooted in Judaism, was crucified
65
Disciples
Followers
66
Apostles
12 of Jesus' close,recruited disciples
67
Crucifixion
The execution process where one is bound or nailed to a cross and let to die
68
Paul
The most important person in spreading Christianity. Began as one of Jesus' prosecutors but had a vision of Jesus and started spreading his teachings and expanding the religion
69
Scapegoats
People who are blamed for something but not actually at fault
70
Martyrs
People who die or suffer for their beliefs
71
Constantine
The Roman Empire who ended persecution of Christians in Rome
72
Theodosius
The emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
73
Pagan
A person who believes in polytheism or a religion which is not the norm of their society
74
Bishop
A Christian official who is responsible for many priests
75
Patriarchs
Bishops responsible for the most important cities: Rome, Alexandria, Jerusalem, Constantinople, and Antiarch
76
Trinity
The group of holy figures of Christianity which include G-d, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit
77
Pope
Patriarch of Rome which had the most followers, head of the Christian Church
78
What are the four levels of the Christian clergy?
Priest, Bishop, Patriarch, Pope
79
Pontifex Maximus
The origin of the word "Pope" which originally was the head of polytheism
80
Muslim
A follower of Islam
81
Islam
The 3rd monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad
82
Allah
The G-d of Islam
83
Historical dialogue
Conversations between G-d and prophets which revealed G-d's word
84
Quran (Koran)
The sacred text of Islam
85
Muhammad
The founder of Islam who was born a poor merchant but was visited by the angel Gabriel who told him he would be the last and most important prophet
86
Bedouins
Fighting-skilled nomads
87
Peninsula
An area of land sticking out from a larger piece of land with water on 3 sides
88
Medina
The sacred city of Muslims which Muhammad fled to when threatened with death
89
Mecca
The birthplace of Muhammad and Islam
90
Status Quo
The existing state or condition
91
Kaaba
The religious area in Mecca which contains the sacred stone given from G-d to Abraham, the object of religious pilgrimage
92
Hegira
Muhammad's exodus from Mecca to Medina to escape death
93
Ummah
The Islamic community
94
Hadith
The record of the sayings and traditions of Muhammad.
95
Shariah
The law of Islam that one must submit to and devote themselves to the will of Allah
96
Jihad
The duty of struggle in G-d's service of Islam
97
Pillars of faith
The 5 duties of Muslims
98
What are the 5 pillars of faith?
1. Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca
2. Alms- giving charity to the poor (helping the poor make Hajj)
3. Daily prayer
4. Declaration of faith
5. Fasting on the holy month of Ramadan from sunrise to sundown
99
Alms
Donations given to the poor
100
Ramadan
A holy month for Muslims in which they fast from sunrise to sunset. This was the month of Muhammad's revelation from Gabriel.
101
Hajj
One of the 5 pillars of Islam, the holy pilgrimage to Mecca
102
Sunni
One of the subdivisions of Islam which is the majority and follows caliphs
103
Shiite
The other subdivision of Islam which were more conservatives and followed Imams
104
Caliph
Successor to Muhammad, followed by the Sunnis
105
Imam
Officiating priest of a mosque, followed by Shiites
106
Othello
The Moorish general in a Shakespearian tradgedy
107
Rightly guided caliphs
First four caliphs after Muhammad
108
Umayyad
A dynasty set up by a powerful Meccan clan of Sunni caliphs, ruled the Muslim empire until 750
109
Abbasid
The dynasty set up by the survivor of the Umayyad family, Abu al-Abbas
110
Varna
Traditional classes of India, the caste system
111
Jati
The set of occupations designated to each Varna
112
Vedas
Religious texts of the Aryans
113
Brahman
The single, all-powerful, universal spirit that resided in all things. It existed beyond many gods.
114
Hinduism
The religion formed in India by the interpretations of the Vedas by Brahmin priests which stresses karma, dharma, and reincarnations
115
Monism
The philosophy that all of reality consists of one element
116
Reincarnation
Rebirth into a new life, which each life status being the result of actions in past lives
117
Transmigration
The moving of a soul from one body to another
118
Cstes
The social class system of ancient India which people were born into and could not change
119
Pariah
A member of a low caste, and outcast
120
Dharma
The religious and moral duties of an individual according to Hinduism
121
Karma
All of the actions in a person's life that affect their fate in future lives
122
Moksha
The ultimate goal of existence according to Hindus, the union with Brahma and the universal soul and the escape from reincarnation
123
Yoga
A spiritual exercise which involved meditation, breathing, stretching, and reflection
124
Brahman Trinity
The holy trinity of the Hindus which include Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva
125
Brahma
A member of the Brahman trinity, the creator
126
Vishnu
A member of the Brahman trinity, the preserver
127
Siva
A member of the Brahman trinity, the destroyer
128
Jainism
The religion that grew out of Hinduism, started by Mahavira, stressed meditation and self-denial
129
Buddhism
A religion that emerged from Hinduism when Siddharta became enlightened
130
Siddharta
The starter of Buddhism who became enlightened when he left his life of a prince to discover why there was suffering. He became a teacher to spread his newly discovered enlightened way of life
131
Four noble truths
The four concepts that Buddha taught that lie at the heart of Buddhism.
132
List the four noble truths
1. Al the world is full of suffering.
2. Greed is the cause of suffering.
3. In order to overcome suffering, one must renounce greed.
4. In order to renounce greed, one must follow the eightfold path.
133
Eightfold path
The eight moral guidelines taught by Buddha to overcome suffering. It includes guidelines for moral actions and views.
134
Nirvana
The union with the universal spirit, the escape from reincarnation, and the ultimate goal for Buddhists.
135
Compare and contrast nirvana and moksha
Both are a union with the universal spirit, moksha is Hindu, nirvana is Buddhist.
136
Hinayana (Therevada)
One of the two major sects of Buddhism that said Buddha was not a god and only special, select people could reach nirvana.
137
Mahayana
The other sect of Buddhism which worshipped Buddha as a god and said anyone could reach nirvana.
138
Naturalist
One who is interested in the natural world, not the spiritual world
139
Dualism
The concept of the balance between good and evil forces or yen and yang
140
Yen
The force of femininity, darkness, cold, and passiveness
141
Yang
The force of masculinity, light, warmth, and action
142
Confucius
The Chinese thinker who developed Confucianism
143
Confucianism
the set of beliefs founded by Confucius which stressed the five relationships, responsibility, filial piety, yin and yang, and virtuous government
144
Reciprocity
A mutual exchange, ie Confucius's negative golden rule
145
Analects
The gatherings of Confucius's saying and teachings by his students
146
Daoism
the set of beliefs started by Laozi which stressed harmony of nature, yielding, and the Dao (way of the universe)
147
Laozi
The Chinese thinker who founded Daoism
148
Legalism
the government of the Qin dynasty which imposed harsh punishment for disobeying and disagreeing with the law and a strong and powerful, not moral, government
149
Mandate of Heaven
The support and favor of the gods for one dynasty
150
People of the Book
What Muslims called Jews and Christians
