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Biology Chapter 3 1st part > Chapter 3 1st part > Flashcards

Chapter 3 1st part Flashcards

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1
Q
  • Founder of genetics
A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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2
Q

The transmission of characteristics from
parents to offspring.

A

Heredity

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3
Q

observed seven characteristics of pea plants

A

Mendel

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4
Q

seven characteristics of pea plants

A

Pea shape (round or wrinkled)
● Pea color (green or yellow)
● Pod shape (constricted or inflated)
● Pod color (green or yellow)
● Flower color (purple or white)
● Plant size (tall or dwarf)
● Position of flowers (axial or terminal)

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5
Q

occurs when pollen grains produced in
the male reproductive parts of a flower, called the
anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive
part of a flower, called the stigma.

A

Pollination

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6
Q

occurs when pollen is transferred
from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either
that flower or another
flower on the same plant

A

Self-pollination

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7
Q

is the field of biology devoted to
understanding how characteristics are transmitted
from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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8
Q

is the field of biology devoted to
understanding how characteristics are transmitted
from parents to offspring.

A

Genetics

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9
Q

occurs between flowers of two
plants. Pea plants normally reproduce through
self-pollination.

A

Cross-pollination

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10
Q

Plants that are (blank) or pure, for a trait always produce offspring with that trait when they
self-pollinate

A

true breeding

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11
Q

First filial generation
- He then allowed the flowers from the F1
generation to self-pollinate and collected the
seeds.

A

F1 generation

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12
Q
  • Second filial generation
  • Mendel performed hundreds of crosses and
    documented the results of each by counting
    and recording the observed traits of every
    cross.
A

F2 generation

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13
Q

allele produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent.

A

Dominant

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14
Q
  • assortment states that factors separate
    independently of one another during the formation of gametes.
A

Law of Independent

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14
Q

states that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.

A

Law of Segregation

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14
Q

e alleles produce a recessive phenotype,
the individual must have two copies, one from each parent.

A

Recessive

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15
Q

is the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes.

A

Molecular genetics

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16
Q

two or more alternative forms of a gene

A

Allele

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17
Q

consists of the alleles that the organism
inherits from its parents

A

Genotype

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18
Q

two recessive alleles for white flower color, represented as

A

pp

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19
Q

When both alleles of a pair are alike

A

Homozygous

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20
Q
  • When the two alleles in the pair are different
A

Heterozygous

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21
Q

is the likelihood that a specific event will
occur.

22
Q

A cross in which only one characteristic is
tracked

Study These Flashcards
A

Monohybrid Cross

23
The offspring of a monohybrid cross
Monohybrids
24
Biologists use a diagram, such as the one to aid them in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring.
Punnett Square
25
The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring
Genotypic Ratio
26
The ratio of the offspring’s phenotypes
Phenotypic Ratio
27
which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.
Testcross
28
one allele was completely dominant over another
Complete Dominance
29
offspring will have a phenotype in between that of the parents
Incomplete Dominance
30
- occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed in a heterozygous offspring
Codominance
31
is a cross in which two characteristics are tracked.
Dihybrid Cross
32
- was studying a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumoniae
Frederick Griffith
33
Griffith was trying to develop a vaccine against a disease-causing, or virulent strain of the bacterium.
Virulent
34
This type of transfer of genetic material from one cell to another cell or from one organism to another organism
Transformation
35
American researcher Oswald Avery and his colleagues set out to test whether the transforming agent in Griffith’s experiment was protein, RNA, or DNA.
Oswald Avery’ s Experiment
36
Viruses that infect bacteria
Bacteriophages
37
DNA is a nucleic acid made of two long chains (also called strands) of repeating subunits.
Nucleotide
38
3 parts of Nucleotide:
1. five-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. a nitrogenous base.
39
- The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide
Deoxyribose
40
contains nitrogen (N) atoms and carbon (C) atoms and is a base (accepts hydrogen ions).
Nitrogenous base
41
The gene directs the making of the protein called melanin (a pigment) in hair follicle cells through an intermediate
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
42
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.
Transcription
43
- RNA directs the assembly of proteins. Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA is called protein synthesis, or gene expression.
Translation
44
Nitrogenous bases that have a double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as adenine and guanine
Purines
45
Nitrogenous bases that have a single ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, such as cytosine and thymine
Pyrimidines
46
is the process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission.
DNA replication
47
one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Semi-conservative Replication
48
A change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
Mutation
49
The gene directs the making of the protein called melanin (a pigment) in hair follicle cells through an intermediate
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
50
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA.
Transcription
51
RNA directs the assembly of proteins. Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA is called protein synthesis, or gene expression.
Translation
52
a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
53
which is part of the structure of ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
54
which transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
55
- is the process by which the genetic instructions in a specific gene are transcribed or “rewritten” into an RNA molecule.
Transcription

Biology Chapter 3 1st part (1 decks)

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