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Bio 2401 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

A double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm; form nuclear pores

A

Nuclear Envelope

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3
Q

Serve as sites where substances can move in or out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear Pores

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4
Q

A spherical body within the nucleus that is composed of RNA and proteins; site of ribosome production

A

Nucleolus

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5
Q

Loosely coiled fibers of DNA and proteins that are present in the nucleus. During cell division, the fibers become tightly coiled.

A

Chromatin

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6
Q

A thin, dynamic membrane that surrounds the cell. Composed of a bi-layer of phospholipid molecules with a fluid structure.

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

Water loving

A

Hydrophilic (head)

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8
Q

Water hating

A

Hydrophobic (tail)

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9
Q

The basic unit of structure and function in living things.

A

Cell

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10
Q

The composite (traditional cell) contains three major components. What are the three major components?

A

Cell membrane

Nucleus

Cytoplasm containing organelles

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11
Q

What is the part of the cell that regulates the movement of compounds into and out of the cell. (what is this process called?)

A

Cell membrane (or selectively permeable)

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12
Q

Located within the cell membrane are several proteins and compounds. What are the function of these proteins and compounds?

A

They serve as either channels, transporters, receptors, or enzymes.

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13
Q

Allows small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules to pass and prevents ions or polar molecules to pass through the membrane.

A

Cell membrane

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14
Q

A jelly-like fluid that holds the cellular organelles and occupies space in the cell. Also allows movement within the cell.

A

Cytoplasm (cytosol)

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15
Q

Small granules located throughout the cytoplasm and certain organelle membranes. The cite of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomes

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16
Q

Network of interconnected parallel membranes that is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

Membrane is covered in ribosomes. Involved with protein synthesis.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

Membrane does not contain ribosomes. involved with synthesis of lipids and drug breakdown.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

Flattened membranous space sacs associated with vesicles. Modify, package, and transport proteins.

A

Golgi Apparatus

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20
Q

Membranous sacs that contain digestive enzymes. Destroys any cellular debris or damaged cells.

A

Lysosomes

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21
Q

Site of cellular respiration. Conversion of glucose into ATP. Powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochodria

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22
Q

What are the three modifications that are commonly seen in cells?

A

Cillia Flagella Microvilli

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23
Q

Short, hair-like extensions that aid in movement of substances through passageways. Aid in protection of the trachea.

A

Cillia

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24
Q

Long, tail-like projection that aid in the movement of the cell. (found on sperm cells)

A

Flagellum (flagella)

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25
Small finger-like projections on the surface of the cell; little folds. Leads to an increase in surface area, increasing absorption efficiency. Found in the digestive system.
Microvilli
26
The movement of substances through the cell membrane. (two ways this can be done)
Passive Transport Active Transport
27
This type of transport does not require energy, compounds move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW. (down the concentration gradient)
Passive Transport
28
This type of transport does require energy, compounds move from an area of LOW to an area of HIGH. (against the concentration gradient)
Active Transport
29
What are the four types of passive membrane transport?
Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Filtration
30
Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (If the system is not disturbed, simple diffusion will result in what?)
Simple Diffusion (equilibrium)
31
Diffusion of WATER molecules through a selectively permeable membrane to dilute a solute.
Osmosis
32
What are the three types of solution associated with osmosis?
Hypertonic Hyptonic Isotonic
33
High concentration of solute equals?..
Low concentration of solution (High osmotic pressure)
34
Low concentration of solute equal?..
High concentration of solution (Low osmotic pressure)
35
Solutions that have a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids. Cells placed in this solution will tend to gain water and swell.
Hypotonic
36
A solution in which the osmotic pressure of both the cell and the body of fluid are the same. There is no net movement of water.
Isotonic
37
Water and solutes are forced through a body membrane by the hydrosatic pressure. Concentration gradient is high to low. Example: blood filtered through the glomerulus of the kidney.
Filtration
38
A modified version of diffusion. Concentration gradient is high to low. Requires a special carrier protein that transports molecules in and out of the cell.
Facilitated diffusion
39
Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This process requires ENERGY! or ATP! (sodium potassium pump)
Active transport
40
What are the three other ways cells can bring particles into the cell?
Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phangocytosis
41
What is Endocytosis?
When the cell brings in large particles.
42
What is Pinocytosis?
When the cell brings in liquid droplets with liquid dissolved substances.
43
What is Phagocytosis?
Engulfing of foreign particles or cellular debris.
44
The removal of particles that are no longer needed by the cell. Cells get rid of something by dumping it into the extracellular fluid.
Exocytosis
45
What are two major parts to cellular division?
Interphase Mitosis
46
Represents the majority of a cell's life and includes cell growth and duplication of DNA.
Interphase
47
What are the three phases to Interphase?
GI: cell growth S phase: replication of genetic material G2: cell growth
48
Division of nuclear parts. Separated over four stages that have distinct cellular events.
Mitosis
49
What are the four stages of Mitosis?
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
50
Stage of mitosis in which chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Pairs of centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear.
Prophase
51
Stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell between the centrioles. Centromere holding each pair of chromosomes attaches to a spindle fiber.
Metaphase
52
Centromere holding the chromosome pair together separates. Individual chromosomes migrate in OPPOSITE directions on the spindle fibers.
Anaphase
53
Chromosomes complete migration. Nuclear envelopes develop around each set of chromosomes and nucleolus develops. Spindle fivers disappear.
Telophase
54
Division of cytoplasm forming two daughter cells. Completed at the end of telophase when the nuclei and cytoplasm of the two newly formed daughter cells are completely separated.
Cytokinesis
55
Why is cell division important?
Tissue repair Growth of the organism Ability to form a multi-celled organism from one cell.
56
What is pluripotent?
The ability of a cell to differentiate into any cell type (stem cells)
57
How do stem cells divide?
Mitosis
58
The uncontrolled proliferation and division of cells resulting in a tumor, growth, or neoplasm. (A malignant tumors metastasize, invading surrounding cells and tissue.)
Cancer
59
What is the study of tumors?
Oncology
60
Cells that divide into a specific cell line are called?
Progenitor cells
61
The process of cell specialization is?
Differentiation

Bio 2401 (3 decks)

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