Chapter 3

Question 1

Define: bivariate

Answer 1

involving just two variables

Question 2

Define: causal hurdles scorecard

Answer 2

a shorthand for summarizing evidence about whether an independent variable causes a dependent variable

Question 3

Define: confounding variable

Answer 3

a variable that is correlated with both the independent and dependent variable and that somehow alters the relationship between those two variable. (Z-variable)

Question 4

Define: deterministic relationship

Answer 4

if some cause occurs, then the effect will occur with certainty

Question 5

Define: multivariate

Answer 5

involving more than two variables

Question 6

Define: probabilistic relationship

Answer 6

increases in X are associated with increases (or decreases) in the probability of Y occurring, but those probabilities are not certainties.

Question 7

Define: spurious

Answer 7

not what it appears to be, or false