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HSC 308: Exam 2 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

0
Q

metabolism: anabolic reactions

A

synthesis of molecules

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1
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body

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2
Q

metabolism: catabolic reactions

A

breakdown of molecules

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3
Q

bioenergetics

A

converting foodstuff (fats, proteins, carbs) into energy

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4
Q

Cell structure: cell membrane

A

semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from extracellular environment

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5
Q

cell strucure: nucleus

A

contains DNA, protein synthesis (genes that regulate)

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6
Q

Cell structure: cytoplasm

A

fluid portion of cell
contains organelles
- mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

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7
Q

molecular biology and exercise science: exercise training results in modifications in ________

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

strength training results in ____ synthesis of muscle contractile protein

A

increased

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9
Q

cellular chemical reactions: endergonic reactions

A

require energy to be added

- endothermic

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10
Q

cellular chemical reactions: exergonic reactions

A

release energy

  • exothermic
    ex. breakdown of ATP
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11
Q

cellular chemical reactions: coupled reactions

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction

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12
Q

1 molecule of glucose combines with ___ molecules of oxygen

A

6

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13
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions: oxidation

A

removing an electron

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14
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions: reduction

A

addition of an electron

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15
Q

oxidation and reduction are always _______ reactions

A

coupled

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16
Q

oxidized form of NAD

A

NAD+

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17
Q

reduced form of NAD

A

NADH

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18
Q

oxidized form of FAD

A

FAD

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19
Q

reduced form of FAD

A

FADH2

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20
Q

_____ and _____ both play an important role in the transfer of electrons

A

NAD and FAD

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21
Q

ENZYMES

A

lower the energy of activation

- catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions

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22
Q

factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

temperature: all enzymes have an optimal temp. range
pH: enzymes have narrow pH ranges

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23
Q

________ cells release enzymes into the blood

A

damaged

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24
kinases
add a phosphate group
25
dehydrogenases
remove hydrogen atoms
26
oxidases
catalyze oxidation - reduction reactions involving O2
27
isomerases
rearrangement of the structure of molecules
28
carbohydrates
include monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
29
carbohydrates: glucose
blood sugar | monosaccharide
30
carbohydrates: glycogen
- storage form of glucose in liver and muscle (synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase) - glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
31
carbohydrates: polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
32
storage form of polysaccharides in plants
starch
33
storage form of polysaccharides in animals
glycogen
34
fats _________ be converted to glucose
cannot
35
primary type of fat used by muscle
fatty acids
36
triglycerides
storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue | - breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids via lipolysis
37
phospholipids
not used as energy source
38
steroids
derived from cholesterol
39
Protein
composed of amino acids some can be converted to glucose in the liver others can be converted to metabolic intermediates
40
overall, protein is ____ a primary energy source during exercise
not
41
endurance runners burn the _____ protein
most
42
GCAAs
specific amino acids that endurance runners burn
43
high-energy phosphates: ATP
consists of adenine, ribose, and 3 linked phosphates
44
high-energy phosphates: synthesis
ADP + Pi ---> ATP
45
we are approximately _____ efficient (able to synthesize molecules)
25%
46
bioenergetics: formation of ATP
PC breakdown - degradation of glucose and glycogen * glycolysis (will only use glucose for fuel) - oxidative formation of ATP
47
Bioenergetics: anaerobic pathways
- do not involve O2 | - PC breakdown and glycolysis
48
bioenergetics: aerobic pathways
- require O2 | - oxidative phosphorylation
49
PC cannot drive ATP pumps or Ca+ pumps but can _________ the ADP into ATP to keep things moving
resynthesize
50
all energy pathways are running ____ the time
all
51
PC causes about a ____ weight gain
10
52
anaerobic ATP production: ATP-PC system
immediate source of ATP | - you make your own creatine and also eat creatine (ex. meat)
53
anaerobic ATP production: glycolysis
glucose- 2 pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid - energy investment phase- requires 2 ATP - energy generation phase - produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
54
depletion of PC may limit ________, high intensity energy
short term
55
creatine monohydrate supplementation
- Increase muscle PC stores - some studies show improved performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise - increase strength and fat-free mass with resistance training
56
creatine supplementation _______ appear to pose health risks
does not
57
NADH is _________ into mitochondria
shuttled
58
NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to _______
NAD
59
Do not want build up of ______
NADH
60
conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid
the addition of 2 H to pyruvic acid forms NAD and lactic acid
61
slow glycolysis -->
pyruvate goes to Krebs cycle
62
aerobic ATP production: Krebs cycle
- pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA - CO2 is given off - acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate - produces 3 molecules of NADH and 1 FADH2 - also forms one molecule of GTP (produces 1 ATP)
63
fats and proteins in aerobic metabolism - fats
triglycerides- glycerol and fatty acids fatty acids - acetyl CoA glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise
64
fats and proteins in aerobic metabolism - protein
broken down into amino acids | - converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates
65
aerobic ATP production: ETC
- oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mito - electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers to produce ATP - called the chemiosmotic hypothesis - H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water
66
the chemiosmotic hypothesis of ATP formation
- ETC results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane (results in H+ gradient across membrane) - energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane
67
beta oxidation is the process of converting fatty acids to ___________
acetyl-CoA
68
breakdown of triglycerides releases _________
fatty acids
69
fatty acids must be converted to ________ to be used as fuel
acetyl-CoA
70
free radicals are formed in the __________
mitochondria
71
free radicals are produced by the passage of electrons along the ________
ETC
72
free radicals react with other molecules in the _____
cell
73
aerobic exercise promotes the production of ________ in the mitochondria
free radicals
74
efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation
- 1 mole of ATP has energy yield of 7.3 kcal - 32 moles of ATP formed from 1 mole of glucose - potential energy released from 1 mole of glucose is 686 kcal/mole
75
overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is ______
34%
76
_____ of energy is released as heat
66%
77
about ______ of the energy from food we eat gets converted as ATP
1/3
78
control of bioenergetics: rate-limiting enzymes
an enzyme that regulates rate of a metabolic pathway
79
control of bioenergetics: modulators of rate-limiting enzymes
levels of ATP and ADP+Pi
80
free radicals can _________ parts of the cell and are a product of __________
damage | metabolism
81
high levels of ATP ______ ATP production
inhibit
82
low levels of ATP and high levels of ADP+Pi _______ ATP production
stimulate
83
pathway - ATP-PC system | rate-limiting enzyme ?
creatine kinase
84
pathway - Glycolysis | enzyme - ?
phosphofructokinase
85
pathway - Krebs Cycle | enzyme - ?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
86
pathway - ETC | enzyme - ?
cytochrome oxidase
87
RBC only have ________ (pathway)
glycolysis
88
energy to perform exercise comes from interaction between _______ and ________ pathways
aerobic and anaerobic
89
short-term, high intensity activities - contribution of ______ energy systems
anaerobic
90
long-term, low to moderate intensity exercise - majority of ATP produced _____
aerobically

HSC 308: Exam 2 (3 decks)

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