Chapter 3

Question 1

Mitosis

Answer 1

A single-cell develops into a complex human being as DNA replicates itself

Question 2

Meiosis

Answer 2

Only about sex cell production-cell division. halves the number of chromosomes and crossover takes place`

Question 3

Monozygotic

Answer 3

Identical twins

zygote separates into 2 clusters of cells that have the same DNA

Question 4

Dizygotic

Answer 4

Fraternal twins

Two ova are released and both are fertilized by two separate sperm. They have different DNA

Question 5

Homozygous

Answer 5

both alleles are alike and child will display the trait

Question 6

Heterozygous

Answer 6

the alleles differ and the child will carry the gene but may or may not display it

Question 7

X-linked inheritance

Answer 7

if the mother has one normal and one abnormal allele on her chromosomes. by looking at the possible combinations of the parents’ alleles, that 50% of the girls will carry the disorder and 50% of the males will likely have the disorder

Question 8

Female chromosomes

Answer 8

XX

Question 9

Male chromosomes

Answer 9

XY

Question 10

Germline Mutation

Answer 10

The environment changes your DNA and you pass it on to your kids BECAUSE OF THE SEX CELLS (mothers exposed to radiation before conception)

Question 11

somatic Mutation

Answer 11

Normal body cells mutate. can happen at anytime throughout your life. genetic suseptibility

Question 12

Risk factors for down syndrome

Answer 12

AGE
20 years old-- 1 in 1900 births
25-- 1 in 1200
30-- 1 in 900
33-- 1 in 600
48-- 1 in 15

Question 13

Sperm production and viability

Answer 13

Men produce over 300 million a day
The swim upstream causes most to die
only 300-500 will reach the ovum if one is present
can live for up to 6 days and can die in wait for the ovum, which survives only one day after being released into the Fallopian tube

Question 14

Ectoderm

Answer 14

nervous system and skin

Question 15

mesoderm

Answer 15

muscles and organs

Question 16

endoderm

Answer 16

digestive system and urinary tract

Question 17

Zygote

Answer 17

conception to 2 weeks. finding food and shelter

Question 18

embryonic stage

Answer 18

3-8 weeks. most susceptible to environment. laying the groundwork for basic structure and for internal organs

Question 19

Fetus period

Answer 19

9 weeks-birth growing and finishing stage

Question 20

teratogens

Answer 20

anything that causes problems in pregnancy– chemicals, radioactive exposure, taking too many vitamins, smoking (epigenetic issue) drug, alcohol use. incredibly devastating during the embryonic stage.

Question 21

Fetal activity and postnatal abilities

Answer 21

fetal activity may be an indicator of healthy neurological development
there is a relationship between active fetuses and children who were more able to handle frustration .
higher fetal activity predicts a more active infant

Question 22

effects of Tobacco use during pregnancy

Answer 22

Low birth weight
Likelihood of increases in miscarriges, prematurity, cleft palate and cleft lip, impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, asthma and cancer

Question 23

Effects of alcohol use during pregnancy

Answer 23

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
fetal alcohol syndrome
Partial fetal alcohol syndrome
alcohol related neuro-developmental disorder

Question 24

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Answer 24

encompasses a range of physical, mental and behavioral outcomes due to pre-natal alcohol exposure

Question 25

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 25

slow physical growth, a pattern of 3 face abnormalities (short eyelids, thin upper lip, flattened philtrum, indentation running from bottom of nose to center of upper lip), brain injury

Question 26

Partial fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 26

2 of 3 facial abnormalities from FAS, brain injury

Question 27

Alcohol related neuro-developmental disorder

Answer 27

3 areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and lack of facial abnormalities

Question 28

Health effects of folic acid during pregnancy

Answer 28

Need to have a sufficient amount of folic acid during embryonic stage when spine is forming. intake of Vitamin C prevents neural tube defects and spina bifida. Helps the mother carry full term

Question 29

maternal age as it relates to pregnancy

Answer 29

the fetus is likely to be more healthy and be carried to full term if the mother is younger Best time to have babies is in the 20's

Question 30

Effects of labor and delivery medication

Answer 30

Analgesics---> drugs used to relieve pain. Given in mild doses during labor to help mother relax Anesthetics---> strong painkiller that blocks sensation. Epidural---> regional pain-relieving drug delivered continuously though a catheter in a small space in the lower spine. limits pain to the pelvic region so the mother is able to push. labor and delivery are prolonged and chances of c-section increase.

Question 31

New childbirth trends

Answer 31

``` sitting upright home delivery water birth natural birth medicated birth ```

Question 32

Sitting upright birthing

Answer 32

Increases blood flow to the baby shorter labor with stronger contractions and more effective pushing mother can see the delivery and can work with doctor or widwife on how to push less likely to use pain relieving medication

Question 33

home delivery

Answer 33

mostly handled by certified nurse mid-wives done for the comfort of the home, to avoid uneccesary medical procedures and costs and to have greater control of the baby after birth if attendants are not prepared to handle emergencies, infant death is high

Question 34

water birth

Answer 34

warm tub of water that supports weight , relaxes and provides freedom to move into any position reduced stress, shorter labor and greater likelihood of medication-free delivery

Question 35

medicated birth

Answer 35

epidural or birth will pain killers

Question 36

Stage 1 of labor

Answer 36

Dilation and effacement of the cervix: longest stage of labor, lasting an average of 12-14 hours of first birth and 4-6 with later births. contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful causing the cervix or uterine opening to widen and thin to nothing forming a clear channel form the uterus into the birth canal or vagina

Question 37

Stage 2 of labor

Answer 37

delivery: 50 minutes for a first baby and 20 min for later babies. strong contraction of the uterus continue but the mother feels a natural urge to push. forcing the baby down and out.

Question 38

Stage 3 of labor

Answer 38

Birth of the placenta: labor comes to an end and with a few final pushes the placenta separates form the wall of the uterus and is delivered in about 5-10 minutes

Question 39

Canalization of human behavior

Answer 39

tendency of hereditary to restrict development of some characteristics to just one or two outcomes things that tend to naturally unfold---> toddler learning to walk around 1 year of age

Question 40

Passive correlations

Answer 40

when your genes match your environment but not because you chose it (child in an athletic environment because the parents were athletic)

Question 41

Evocative correlations

Answer 41

Based on appearance | if you are beautiful or attractive people tend to treat you better or think you are smarter

Question 42

Active correlations

Answer 42

niche picking. finding environments that reflect your genetic tendencies thereby further developing them.

Question 43

Pros and cons of reproductive technologies

Answer 43

Donor insemination: injection of sperm from an anonymous man into a woman. lets women without a male partner become pregnant. 70-80% successful. In vitro fertilization: ova are removed from a woman and fertilized with sperm in a dish of nutrients. Once an ovum is fertilized it duplicates and is then injected into the mother's uterus. Used to reat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently damaged. helps overcome male fertility problems. fertilized ovum can be frozen and and stored in embryo banks for later use. 35% successful. success declines with age. 50% result in multiple births. low birth weight trends controversy: sex selection Surrogate motherhood: femal is fertilized with male's sperm and then turns the baby over to him after the child is born. Child is then adopted by his partner. Surrogate is paid a fee New reproductive frontiers: doctors can impregnate a postmenopausal women. selecting ova or sperm based on gender, IQ, or physical characteristics. Fertility drugs often result in multiple fetuses

Question 44

A case of Epigenesis: smoking during pregnancy alters gene expression

Answer 44

research shows that environment effects the way that genes operate but does not change the genome itself. risk factors: attention deficit disorder (ADHD) most common disorders in children symptoms---> inattention, impulsivity and overreactivity. serious academic and social problems. prenatal exposure to toxins may modify the genes activity. Children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy scored higher on the ADHD behavior scale.