Chapter 3

Question 1

There is a direct relation between people’s basic beliefs and what?

Answer 1

How they view the educational structure of the school

Question 2

Describe the functions and limitations of labels.

Answer 2

The school of philosophy might best be seen as points on a continua on which there are differences but also agreements

Question 3

Define idealism: The reality of ___, rather than a stress ____

Answer 3

ideas, thoughts minds, or selves; in material objects and forces

Question 4

What does idealism emphasize?

Answer 4

The mind as being basic or prior to matter

Question 5

What was idealism a contrast to?

Answer 5

Materialism

Question 6

When and by whom was idealism formulated?

Answer 6

Plato in the 4th century BC

Question 7

What was Plato on a quest for?

Answer 7

Certain truth-that which is perfect and eternal

Question 8

According to Plato what is the universal truth?

Answer 8

Mathematics

Question 9

In order to arrive at universal truths, Plato moved away from what?

Answer 9

Sensory experiences to the world of ideas

Question 10

Name some idealism key thinkers

Answer 10

Descartes, Kant, Hegel

Question 11

To a idealist, knowing reality is not what?

Answer 11

an experience of seeing, hearing, or touching.

Question 12

According to the idealist’s truth lies in what?

Answer 12

the realm of ideas

Question 13

In idealism, what is the relationship of truth and experience?

Answer 13

Truth is prior to and largely independent of experience

Question 14

In Idealism, what does truth focus on?

Answer 14

Intuition, revelation, and rationalism in gaining and extending knowledge

Question 15

What is the philosophical position of idealism?

Answer 15

A reality of the mind

Question 16

Describe the idealists position on senses

Answer 16

The world of the apparent (physical world) that we perceive through our sense does exist

Question 17

Describe the ethical and aesthetical criteria of goodness and beauty according to idealists

Answer 17

• is external to humanity,
• is inherent in the very nature of true reality,
• is based on fixed and eternal principles.

Question 18

What does idealism education believe is the most important aspect of learners?

Answer 18

Intellect

Question 19

What is the position of teachers in the philosophy of idealism?

Answer 19

Teachers have a crucial position in the idealist school

• serve as living examples of what students can become
• role is to pass on knowledge of reality and to be examples of the ethical ideal.
• set an example or pattern to follow (intellectually and socially)

Question 20

Describe idealism curriculum

Answer 20

• Focus on humanities (history, literature, mathematics)
• Library tends to be the center of educational activity
• Teach methodology focuses on lecturing to transfer knowledge
• Not be excited about field trips of trade classes because they are sensory

Question 21

What is realism a reaction to?

Answer 21

Idealism

Question 22

Realism is associated with who?

Answer 22

Aristotle (Plato’s pupil)

Question 23

How did Aristotle arrived at the conceptions of universal form ?

Answer 23

through the study of material objects

Question 24

Name two key thinkers of realism.

Answer 24

Francis Bacon, John Locke

Question 25

Describe the metaphysics of realism: -ultimate reality is not in the realm of the __, the universe is composed of ____, so it is the ____ in which people live that is reality.

Answer 25

Mind; matter in motion; physical world

Question 26

Where is realism seen today?

Answer 26

At the philosophic base of much modern science

Question 27

Describe the epistemology of realism

Answer 27

- truth comes for observation through the senses | - truth for the realist is viewed as observable fact

Question 28

According to realism, as one understands natural order, a person comes to know what?

Answer 28

The laws that provide the basis for ethical and aesthetic judgement

Question 29

How does realism view the student

Answer 29

- students function through sensory experiences and perceive the natural order of the world and thereby come into contact with reality. - students are subject to natural law and not free in their choices

Question 30

Some realist advocate what kind of approach to psychology?

Answer 30

Behaviorist in approach

Question 31

According to realism, what is the role of the teacher?

Answer 31

- give accurate information about reality to the student in the quickest and most efficient manner. - teacher's biases and personality should be muted

Question 32

Describe the curriculum of realism in education

Answer 32

- the subject matter of the physical world is taught in such a way that the orderliness underlying the universe is evident - sciences stand at the center of the realist universe - mathematics also has a central place - focus is on demonstrable facts and the framework that gives meaning to those facts - instructional methods should utilize the senses through the use of pictures and visual aids and physical object lessons in the classroom - favor field trips, audio visual aids, and demonstrations - teaching for the mastery if facts in order to understand natural law - teaching is best when it is most objective and dehumanized, since humans are a source of error

Question 33

What is the essence of rationalism

Answer 33

An appeal to the human reason

Question 34

What are the two branches of Neo-scholasticism in the 20th century?

Answer 34

Religious, secular

Question 35

Describe the religious branch of Neo-scholasticism

Answer 35

Substructure of the Roman Catholic educational philosophy (most important)

Question 36

What are two important names of the secular branch of Neo-scholasticism

Answer 36

Mortimer Adler, Robert Hutchins

Question 37

What is the philosophic position of Neo-scholasticism

Answer 37

-a reality of reason (and God)

Question 38

Name two men that played a distinct role in Neo-scholasticism

Answer 38

Aristotle (realism) and Thomas Aquinas (combined Aristitelian philosophy and Christianity)

Question 39

According to Neo-scholasticism the natural world is

Answer 39

open to reason

Question 40

Describe the epistemology if Neo-scholasticism

Answer 40

Truth is seen through rationalism and inspiration

Question 41

Describe the Axiology if Neo-scholasticism

Answer 41

Ethics is seen in acting rationally

Question 42

In education how do all the traditional philosophies see the teacher

Answer 42

As an authoritative person who knows what the student needs to learn and has a set curriculum to reinforce their beliefs as to what is important.

Question 43

What creates a school of philosophy?

Answer 43

The way a person answers the questions of metaphysics, epistemology, and Axiology

Question 44

According to the idealists the world of reality perceived through our ___ is more important than the ___

Answer 44

Minds; physical world

Question 45

According to idealists when is humanity moral?

Answer 45

when it is in account with the universal moral law

Question 46

What is the starting point for realism?

Answer 46

the objects of our senses exist in their own right independently of their being known by a mind

Question 47

According to realists, reality is seen in terms of what?

Answer 47

Things that operate according to natural law

Question 48

According to realism, how are values obtained?

Answer 48

Observation of nature

Question 49

To a idealists, knowing reality is what?

Answer 49

taking hold of the idea of something and retaining it in the mind

Question 50

In idealism, how does a person comes into contact with the ultimately real world?

Answer 50

through the intellect

Question 51

Aristotle laid the structure for what has evolved into what?

Answer 51

the modern physical, life and social sciences

Question 52

What is Francis Bacon know for?

Answer 52

Scientific method

Question 53

What is John Locke known for?

Answer 53

mind is blank slate that receives impressions from the environment

Question 54

According to the idealists, truth is inherent in what?

Answer 54

the very nature of the universe

Question 55

idealist concentrate on what in education?

Answer 55

the mental development of the learner

Question 56

In neo-scholasticism the supernatural world is understood through

Answer 56

intuitions, revelation, and faith

Question 57

Name three traditional philosophies

Answer 57

Idealism, realism, Neo-scholasticism