Chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

What are the three essential processes in group membership?

Answer 1

Inclusion, collectivism and identity

Question 2

Being a member of a group (e.g., first joining, fulfilling the need to belong).

Answer 2

Inclusion

Question 3

Being part of the group as a whole.

Answer 3

Collectivism

Question 4

Transformation of personal conception to align with the group’s identity.

Answer 4

Identity

Question 5

No negative feelings are necessarily associated; can have positive outcomes (e.g., self-discovery or creativity).

Answer 5

Alone

Question 6

Associated with negative feelings, often due to lack of emotional or social connection.

Answer 6

Lonely

Question 7

What are the two types of loneliness?

Answer 7

Emotional Loneliness and Social Loneliness

Question 8

Loss of a close relationship, such as a breakup or divorce.

Answer 8

Emotional Loneliness

Question 9

Disconnection from a group or social network, e.g., moving away.

Answer 9

Social Loneliness

Question 10

Disconnection from a group or social network, e.g., moving away.

Answer 10

Social Loneliness

Question 11

Exclusion from a group.

Answer 11

Ostracism

Question 12

Being expelled from a religion or community.

Answer 12

Excommunicado

Question 13

Being uninformed or excluded from updates.

Answer 13

Out of the loop

Question 14

Direct rejection.

Answer 14

Maximum Exclusion

Question 15

Avoiding the individual.

Answer 15

Active Exclusion

Question 16

Ignoring the individual (e.g., ghosting).

Answer 16

Passive Exclusion

Question 17

Mixed signals about acceptance.

Answer 17

Ambivalence

Question 18

Allowing participation but with indifference.

Answer 18

Passive Inclusion

Question 19

Welcoming the individual.

Answer 19

Active Inclusion

Question 20

Actively inviting the individual to join.

Answer 20

Maximum Inclusion

Question 21

A scale representing levels of group acceptance

Answer 21

Inclusion-Exclusion Continuum

Question 22

What are the four stages of the Temporal Need Threat Model?

Answer 22

Minimal Stage
Reflexive Stage
Reflective Stage
Resignation Stage

Question 23

Detection of ostracism.

Answer 23

Minimal Stage

Question 24

Emotional pain and realization of rejection.

Answer 24

Reflexive Stage

Question 25

Efforts to address the need to belong.

Answer 25

Reflective Stage

Question 26

Resource depletion and potential withdrawal.

Answer 26

Resignation Stage

Question 27

Resource depletion and potential withdrawal.

Answer 27

Resignation Stage

Question 28

What are the common responses to ostracism?

Answer 28

Fight-or-Flight Response Tend-and-Befriend

Question 29

- Confronting or avoiding the group. - Common in males.

Answer 29

Fight-or-Flight Response

Question 30

- Adapting behavior to gain acceptance. - Common in females.

Answer 30

Tend-and-Befriend

Question 31

Why does ghosting happen?

Answer 31

1. Mismatch of preferences. 2. Proximity issues.

Question 32

What does the “6 Degrees of Separation” theory suggest?

Answer 32

Everyone in the world is connected through a chain of six or fewer social connections.

Question 33

Everyone in the world is connected through a chain of six or fewer social connections.

Answer 33

6 Degrees of Separation Theory

Question 34

How does exclusion relate to aggression, according to Lowell Gaertner?

Answer 34

- Aggression is lower when exclusion is by an outsider. - Aggression is higher when exclusion comes from a group the individual belongs to.

Question 35

What does the Sociometer Theory state about self-esteem?

Answer 35

Self-esteem acts as a social barometer. - Inclusion in a group increases self-worth. - Exclusion lowers self-worth and self-esteem. - Choosing to be alone does not impact self-esteem.

Question 36

How does the biological perspective explain the connection between physical and social pain?

Answer 36

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula are activated during both physical and social pain. Add: Painkillers like acetaminophen may lessen social pain.

Question 37

How does the biological perspective explain the connection between physical and social pain?

Answer 37

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and anterior insula are activated during both physical and social pain. Add: Painkillers like acetaminophen may lessen social pain.

Question 38

Focuses on exchange relationships, where personal benefit is prioritized.

Answer 38

Individualism

Question 39

Focuses on communal relationships, where the benefit of others is prioritized.

Answer 39

Collectivism

Question 40

Focuses on communal relationships, where the benefit of others is prioritized.

Answer 40

Collectivism

Question 41

Low conformity, high focus on individual uniqueness.

Answer 41

Individualism

Question 42

High conformity, focus on maintaining social harmony.

Answer 42

Collectivism

Question 43

Resources are distributed based on contribution.

Answer 43

Equity Norm

Question 44

Resources are shared equally, regardless of effort.

Answer 44

Equality Norm

Question 45

Qualities unique to the individual (“me”).

Answer 45

Personal Identity

Question 46

Characteristics derived from group membership (“we”).

Answer 46

Social Identity

Question 47

What is the Japanese term for self?

Answer 47

Jibun

Question 48

What is the Japanese term for self?

Answer 48

Jibun

Question 49

What is the Japanese term for self, and how does it reflect cultural differences?

Answer 49

The term “jibun” represents one’s portion of shared space. - Individualist Approach: Focuses solely on the individual. - Collectivist Approach: Includes relationships and surroundings in self-definition.

Question 50

Hierarchical structure with rigid social levels (e.g., India’s caste system).

Answer 50

Vertical/ Hierarchy

Question 51

Flat structure with mutual support regardless of status (e.g., Latin cultures).

Answer 51

Horizontal/Flat

Question 52

What are the three needs in the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory?

Answer 52

1. Need to be assimilated in a group. 2. Need for connections with friends and loved ones. 3. Need for autonomy and differentiation.

Question 53

What is the Social Identity Theory by Henri Tajfel and John Turner?

Answer 53

The theory explains how groups form and maintain identities: - Social Categorization - Social Identification

Question 54

Adopting group stereotypes as part of personal identity (e.g., “Filipinos are always late, so it’s fine if I’m late”).

Answer 54

Self- Stereotyping

Question 55

Defining oneself through group traits without necessarily embodying stereotypes.

Answer 55

Social Identification

Question 56

Defining oneself through group traits without necessarily embodying stereotypes.

Answer 56

Social Identification

Question 57

What is collective self-esteem according to Jennifer Crocker?

Answer 57

It’s the self-esteem derived from one’s group membership and social identity.

Question 58

Predominantly Western cultures; focus on independence.

Answer 58

Individualists

Question 59

Predominantly Eastern cultures; focus on interdependence and social harmony.

Answer 59

Collectivists

Question 60

Predominantly Eastern cultures; focus on interdependence and social harmony.

Answer 60

Collectivists

Question 61

How does the Social Identity Theory address incongruency in groups?

Answer 61

Social categorization and identification become apparent when a member behaves incongruently with group norms.

Question 62

How does the Social Identity Theory address incongruency in groups?

Answer 62

Social categorization and identification become apparent when a member behaves incongruently with group norms.

Question 63

It’s the expectation to return favors or help equally, reflecting fairness in social exchanges.

Answer 63

norm of reciprocity