Chapter 3 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Sound substitution
A process by which sounds that exists in a language a speaker knows are used to replace sounds that do not exist in that language when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.
Phoneme
A class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound.
Allophone
Each member of a particular phoneme which corresponds to an actual phonetic segment produced by a speaker.
Contrastive distribution
A case in which the two sounds occur in the same phonetic environment, and using one rather than the other changes the meaning of the word.
Complementary distribution
Considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.
Overlapping distribution
Sounds that can occur in the same environment.
Conditioning environment
Neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change.
Assimilation
Causes a sound (or gesture) to become more like a neighboring sound (or gesture) with respect to some phonetic property.
Nasal place assimilation
An alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation a following consonant.
Palatalization
An assimilation process. It refers to a special type of assimilation in which a consonant becomes like a neighboring palatal.
Vowel harmony
A back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word.
Dissimilation
Unlike assimilation, which makes sounds more similar, rules of dissimilation cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds.
Insertion
causes a segment not present at a phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.
Deletion
eliminates a sound that was present at the phonemic level.
Metathesis
changes the order of sounds.
Strengthening
makes sounds stronger.
Weakening
causes sounds to become weaker.
Flapping
av alveolar stop is realized when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.
Schwa insertion
makes plurals more distinct by separating the two sibilants.
Voicing assimilation
takes on the voicing specification of the preceding sound.
Voiceless stop insertion
Between a nasal consonant and a voiceless fricative, a voiceless stop within the same place of articulation as the nasal is inserted.
CV metathesis
when three consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel.
Manner dissimilation
A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop.
Implicational law
observation about language universals that takes the form of an implication.
