Chapter 3

Question 1

federalism

Answer 1

a system of government in which power is divided, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments (page 77)

Question 2

unitary system

Answer 2

a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government (page 77)

Question 3

expressed powers

Answer 3

specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (Article I, Section 8) and to the president (Article II) (page 77)

Question 4

implied powers

Answer 4

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution; such powers are not specifically expressed but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers (page 77)

Question 5

necessary and proper clause

Answer 5

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which provides Congress with the authority to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its expressed powers (page 77)

Question 6

reserved powers

Answer 6

powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states (page 79)

Question 7

police power

Answer 7

power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens (page 79)

Question 8

concurrent powers

Answer 8

authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes (page 79)

Question 9

full faith and credit clause

Answer 9

provision from Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state (page 79)

Question 10

privileges and immunities clause

Answer 10

provision, from Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges (page 81)

Question 11

home rule

Answer 11

power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs (page 82)

Question 12

dual federalism

Answer 12

the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937 in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments (page 83)

Question 13

commerce clause

Answer 13

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which delegates to Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes”; this clause was interpreted by the Supreme Court in favor of national power over the economy (page 85)

Question 14

states’ rights

Answer 14

the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government; this principle was most popular in the period before the Civil War (page 88)

Question 15

grants-in-aid

Answer 15

programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government (page 90)

Question 16

categorical grants

Answer 16

congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law (page 90)

Question 17

project grants

Answer 17

grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis (page 90)

Question 18

formula grants

Answer 18

grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive (page 90)

Question 19

cooperative federalism

Answer 19

a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities (without commanding them) to pursue nationally defined goals; also known as intergovernmental cooperation (page 91)

Question 20

regulated federalism

Answer 20

a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards (page 93)

Question 21

preemption

Answer 21

the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas; in foreign policy, the willingness to strike first in order to prevent an enemy attack (page 94)

Question 22

unfunded mandates

Answer 22

regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government (page 94)

Question 23

devolution

Answer 23

a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments (page 96)

Question 24

block grants

Answer 24

federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent (page 96)

Question 25

New Federalism

Answer 25

attempts by presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants (page 96)

Question 26

general revenue sharing

Answer 26

the process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula; revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments (page 96)