Chapter 3 Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Basic unit of structure and function in the body
A
Cell
2
Q
Cells are measured in
A
Micrometers
3
Q
Cells that have developed specialized characteristics are said to be
A
Differentiated
4
Q
There is no typical cell, but a composite cells shows what
A
Components found in most cells
5
Q
Name the three major parts of a cell
A
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
6
Q
Cell Membrane
A
- Outer boundary
- Maintains integrity
- Consists mainly of lipids and protein with some carbohydrates
- Selectively Permeable: Regulates entry and exit of substances
- Signal Transduction: Receive and respond to messages
7
Q
Cell Membrane Structure
A
- Framework is a phospholipid bilayer: Hydrophilic (water soluble heads) and Hydrophobic (water insoluble tails)
- Cholesterol stabilizes and helps keep impermeable to water soluble substances
- Membrane proteins: Pores, channels, receptors, cell contact, and identification
- Carbohydrates: Cell recognition and interaction, self makers
8
Q
Cellular Adhesion Molecules
A
- Guides cells
- Provides friction
- Makes connections with nerve cells
9
Q
Cytoplasm
A
- Networks of membranes and organelles in cytosol
- Cytoplam=Cytosol (fluid) + Organelles (tiny solid structures with specific functions)
- Cytoskeleton: supporting framework of protein stuff
10
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Ribosome
A
- Composed of RNA and protein
- Enzyme activity to link amino acids in protein synthesis
- Provide structural support
11
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Endoplasmic Reticulum
A
- Membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
- Tubular transport system
- Rough: Ribosomes, conducts protein synthesis
- Smooth: Conducts lipid synthesis, NO ribosomes
12
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Vesicles
A
- Membranous sacs
- Store or transport substances
13
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Golgi Apparatus
A
- Sacs own membranous sacs
- Refines, packages, and delivers proteins
14
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Mitochondria
A
- Fluid filled membrane sacs
- House chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients
- “Powerhouse of the cell”
15
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Lysosomes
A
- Small membranous sacs
- Contain enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, worn out parts
- “Garbage disposals of cell” and “Suicide sac”
16
Q
Cytoplasmic Organelle: Peroxisomes
A
- Membranous sacs similar to lysosomes
- Contain enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide
17
Q
Cellular Structures: Centrosome
A
- Central body
- Consists of 2 centrioles
- Composed of microtubules
- Produces spindle fibers during cell division
18
Q
Cellular Structures: Cilia
A
- Motile extensions
- Propel mucus in respiratory tract
- Propel egg towards uterus
19
Q
Cellular Structures: Flagella
A
- Motile extensions
- Longer than cilia
- Tail of sperm is the only flagella
20
Q
Cellular Structures: Filaments
A
Microfilaments: Tiny rods of actin; cellular movement
Microtubules: Tubes; help move organelles; cell shape; cilia, flagella, and centrioles
Intermediate Filaments: Several proteins; cytoskeleton structure; support nuclear envelope
21
Q
Nucleus
A
- Contains genetic material
- Controls cell activities
- “Brain”
22
Q
Cell Nucleus
A
- Nucleus Envelope: Allow passage of certain substances
- Nucleolus: RNA and protein; site of ribosome production’
- Chromatin: Cell’s chromosomes; stores information for protein synthesis
23
Q
Physical (Passive) Processes
A
- Do not require ATP
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Filtration
24
Q
Physiological (Active) Processes
A
- Require ATP
- Active Transport
- Endocytosis
- Exocytosis
- Transcytosis
25
Diffusion
- Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions, from region of higher concentration to lower concentration until evenly dispersed
- Move by bouncing off of each other
- Occurs due to constant motion of atoms, molecules, ions.
26
Facilitated Diffusion
- Diffusion across the cell membrane through ion channels or transporters
- Passive process- no ATP required
* Difference is the channels*
27
Osmosis
- Movement of water across the selectively permeable membrane from region of higher water concentration to lower.
- Water moves into region with the higher concentration
- Passive process- no ATP required
28
Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to life a volume of water
Osmotic Pressure
29
Same osmotic pressure; No net gain or water loss
Isotonic solution
30
Higher osmotic pressure; lose water
Hypertonic solution
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Lower osmotic pressure; gain water
Hypnotic solution
32
Filtration
- Process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure
- Separate solids from water, or small particles from large
- Passive process- no ATP required
33
Active Transport
- Lower concentration-Higher concentration
- Active process- ATP required
- Example: NA/K pump
34
Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle
Endocytosis
35
Engulfs droplets of liquid
Pinocytosis
36
Engulfs soils particles
Phagocytosis
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Engulfs specific substances which have bound to receptors proteins on the membrane
Receptor mediated endocytosis
38
Sac that stores
Vesicle
39
Release substances from cell
| Example neurotransmitters from nerve cells
Exocytosis
40
Quickly transports substance from one end of cell not another(Example HIV)
Transcytosis
41
Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides
The cell cycle: Interphase-Mitosis-Cytokinesis
42
Interphase
- Active period
- Cell grows
- Cell has normal functions
- Replicates genetic material to prepare for mitosis
- Synthesizes organelles, membranes, and chemicals
- Phases: Synthesis-DNA replicates, G1-G2-Other structures replicate and grow
43
Divison of nucleus
Mitosis
44
Division of the cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
45
Phases of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
46
Cytokinesis
- Begins during anaphase
- Continues through telophase
- Pinches cytoplasm in half
47
What can result form a loss of control over frequency of mitosis
Tumors
48
A tumor that remains in local area
Benign
49
A tumor that is invasive
Maligent
50
Abnormal forms of genes that control cell cycle
Oncogenes
51
Normally limit mitosis but if inactivated/removed, cannot regulate anymore
Tumor Suppressor Genes
