CHAPTER 3 Flashcards by Alex Cali Maui

When elements combine with each other what do they form?

Compounds

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What happens when two or more elements combine to form a compound?
Exp H+02

A new substance results

H20 = water

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What’s the difference between a MIXTURE and an ELEMENT

Mixture- elements can mix in any proportion

Element- in a compound elements combine in a fixed definite proportions

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Definite proportion

Hydrogen- oxygen mixture

Water

Oxygen mixture can have any proportions of hydrogen and oxygen gas

Water has a definite proportion of hydrogen to oxygen

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What are compounds composed of atoms held together by?

Chemical bonds

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What are chemical bonds?

Are from the attractions between the charged particles ( the electrons and protons) that compose the atom

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What are two types of chemical bonds?

Ionic

Covalent

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what is an ion

Transfer of electrons from a

NON METAL TO A METAL

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What happens to the metal atom when it becomes an ionic bond

What happens to the non mental when it becomes an ionic bond

Becomes a cation + because it looses its electrons

Becomes an anion - gains electrons

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What happens with the charges in an ionic bond

The opposite charges attract by electrostatic forces and form an ionic bond

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What happens to an ionic compound in a solid phase?

It becomes composed of a lattice- a 3D array- of cations and anions

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What are Covalent bonds?

2 non metals

Sharing the electron

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What do covalent bonds compose?

What do covalently bonded compounds compose?

Molecule

Molecular compounds

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What does a compounds chemical formula indicate?

The elements present in the compound and

the relative number of atoms or ions of each

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What are the 3 different types of chemical formulas

Empirical formula - no numbers just atoms H2CL2—> H CL
Molecular formulas - gives the actual number H CL —> H2CL2
Structural formulas- lines that represent covalent bonds H—CL—CL—H. ( can also be drawn anyway exp angle)

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Is a molecular model more accurate and complete way to specify a compound?

Yes

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Ball and stick formula

Atoms represented as balls that are color coded
Chemical bonds represented as sticks
How the 2 connect reflect the molecules shape

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Space filling molecular model

Like bubbles which best estimate how a molecule might appear

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Elements may be either _______

Atomic - pure element

Compound— 2 elements combined

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Compounds can be ______ ______

Molecular- two or more non metals combined ( h20)

Ionic- NaCL 1 metal 1 non metal (lattice structure)

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Do atomic elements exist with single atoms as their basic units?

Yes

Exp Na Ne K Mg

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Do molecular elements exist normally or not normally with single atoms as their basic units

No they exist as molecules 2 or more atoms of the element bonded together

Only 7 diatomic elements
2 poly atomic molecular elements

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What are the 7 diatomic elements

H2
N2
02
F2
Cl2
Br2
And I2

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What are the 2 polyatomic molecular elements?

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What are the basic units of molecular compounds

Molecules composed of the constituent atoms Water- h20 Dry ice- co2

What is the basic unit of an ionic compound

Formula unit- smallest electrically neutral collection of ions Exp NaCl —> Na+ Cl- 1:1 ratio

Polyatomic ions

Many common ionic compounds contain ions that are themselves composed of a group of Covalently bonded atoms with an overall charge

Polyatomic ions in its charged species formed

NaN03—-> Na+ No3- CaCO3—-> Ca2+ CO3 ^2- Mg(Clo3)2 —> Mg2+ and ClO 3-

Summarizing ionic compound formulas : Do ionic compounds always contain positive and negative ions? Do the sum of the cation and anion have to equal? Does the formula of an ionic compound reflect the smallest whole number ratio of ions?

Yes Yes Yes

Ionic compounds: formulas and names: 1) The ______ of the representative elements can be predicted from their —-________ number 2) the representative elements form only _____ type of charge 3) transition metals tend to form _________. Types of charges Which is why we can not predicted as in the case of most representative elements

1) charges, group 2) one 3) multiple

Naming ionic Compounds: Ionic compounds can be categorized into 2 types depending on the metal in the compound what are they?

Ionic compounds. Type 1. Type 2. Metal forms more Metal forms only. Than one type of ion One type of ion Na+ Cl+. Transition metals. Fe 2+ Fe3+ Except Ag+1 Zn+2 Al+3 which will always have this charge

Naming type 1 ionic compounds: Will the metal ion always have the same charge?

Yes

What are the invariant charges?

``` Li. Na. Mg. Ag Zn Al K. Ca Rb. Sr Cs Ba ```

What are some common Monoatomic Anions Bigger than the original element Ion is smaller than its original element

``` - is negative F- fluoride Cl- chloride Br- Bromide I- iodide O2- 0xide S2- sulfide N3- Nitride P3- phosphide ```

Naming Binary ionic compounds of type 1 cations: Binary compounds what do they contain only 2 different elements

The name of the metal and the base name of an anion ( non mental) + -ide NaCl

2nd type of ionic compound can _______ of cation depending on the compound, bonded to a nonmetal anion The proportion of metal cation to nonmetal anion helps us determine the ___ on the metal ion

Form more than 1 type Charge Iron ex forms 2 diff types Fe2+ Fe3+ Pb ti and an form more than one type of cation

Binary compound The full name of the compounds containing metals that form more than one kind of cation have the following form

Cation. + ( charge of cation (metal) in Roman numeral) + base of H. (Non metal)anion H. +ide (Metal) +

Some metals that form cations with different charges Ours -indicates ion with lesser charge Ic- indicates ion with greater charge

Cr2+ +3—-> Chromium(II) Chromous& Chromium (III)Chromic Fe2+ 3+ —-> iron(II) ferrous & Iron(III) ferric Co2+ 3+—-> cobalt (II) cobaltous & cobalt (III)cobaltic Cu+ Cu2+—-> copper (I) cupprous& copper (II) cupric Sn 2+ Sn4+—> Tin(II) stanous & Tin(IV) stannic Hg2 2+ Hg2+—> Merucry(I) mercurous) & Mercury(II) Mercuric Pb2+ Pb4+ —-> Lead(II) plumbous & Lead(IV) plumbic

Cross cross method for naming NAMING OF THE BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS

CrBr3 Cr3 br- Chromium(III) bromide

Most poly atomic ions are______ anions containing oxygen and another element

Oxyanions

If there are two ions in the series the one with more oxygen atoms has the ending____ The one with fewer endings have _____

- Ate | - tie

If there are more than two ions in the series, Then the prefixes_____, meaning less than And Per meaning ________ are used

Less than More ClO- (hypochlorite ClO2- (chlorite ClO3- (chlorate ClO4- (perchlorate

What are hydrates

Ionic compounds containing a specific number of water molecules associated with each formula Exp MgSO4 x 7H20 Is Magnesium sulfate HEPTAHYDRATE CoCl2 x 6H20 —> cobalt (II) chloride HEXAHYDRATE

Molecular compounds: Why do we name is?

Because they’re covalent ( 2 or more non metals) and share electrons and they can share them in different ways Exp O=C=O dioxide C-0. (Three bonds in the middle) monoxide

Rules for naming Binary Molecular compounds

Write the name of the element with the smallest group number first If the 2 elements lie in the same group then write the element with the greatest row number first ( the prefixes given to each element indicate the number of atoms present)

Binary Molecular compounds Prefix—> name of 1st element—> prefix —> base name of 2nd element + ide

If there is only one atom of the first element in the forumula , the prefix mono- is normally ommitted

Binary molecular compound naming ( same as hydrates)

``` Mono=1 Di=2 Tri=3 Tetra=4 Penta=5 Hexa=6 Hepta= 7 Octa=8 Nona=9 Deca=10 ```

Acids are what kind of compounds? | What happens when an acids when they’re placed in water

Molecular Release hydrogen ions H+ when dissolved in water

What elements are acids composed of What order are they written in? How do acids taste?

Hydrogen’s They’re the first in their formulas and one or more nonmetals are 2nd Sour

What are some elements that acids dissolve

Zn Fe Mg

HCl is a molecular compound that when dissolved in water forms

H+ (ag) & Cl- (ag) Aqueous (ag) means dissolved in water

Binary acids have and H+ cation and ________ anion Oxyacids have H+ cation and ______ anion

Non metal Polyatomic

Naming and writing binary acids Hydro prefix—- nonmetal base name with ic at the end of it Write the word acid at the end of the name

Hydro Chloric acid

When you have __________ you don’t use hydro

Oxygen

H2S HClO3 HC2H3O2

Hydrosuluric acid Chloric acid Acetic acid

Writing formulas: When the name ends in acid the formula starts with______ Write the formula as if its ionic, even though its molecular Hydro- prefix means its a _____ acid No prefix mean its an oxyacid

H Binary

Writing formula for acids: For an Oxyacid If the ending is “ic” the polyatomic ion ends in________ If the ending is “ous” the polyatomic ion ends in

Ate | Ite

Acid rain : Certain pollutants such as NO, NO2, SO2 and SO3 form acids when mixed with water resulting in______

Acidic rain water

Look at slide 60 for an easier break down you fucking bitch And 61-74

Slut

Combustion analysis

Watch video

Chemical reactions: Reactions Involve chemical changes in matter resulting in ____ Reactions involving rearrangement and exchange of atoms produce___ Watch video

New substances New molecules Elements are not transmitted during a reaction Reactants—> products

More math yay 77-79

Fuck

Modern organic Compounds: Organic compounds are mainly made out of ____ and _____ And sometimes with O N P S and trace amounts of other elements The key element of organic chemistry is ______

C & H Carbon

Carbon bonding bonds with mostly _______ but what about the rest?

Mostly covalent | The ones that bond with ionic are generally inorganic

Carbon bonding: When carbon bonds it forms 4 covalent bonds including___ _____ ____ bonds Carbon can also bond with ______ and form limitless chains of C atoms straight branched and rings

Single Double and triple bonds Itself

Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds are categorized into two types: Also look at slide 84

Hydrocarbons Functionalized hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons: Are organic compounds that contain ______ and ______ ``` Hydrocarbons compose common fuels such as Oil Gas Liquid propane gas And Natural gas ```

Hydrogen and carbon

Fun facts ``` Methane Propane N-butane N- pentane Ethene Ethyne ```

``` Primary component for natural gas Lp gas for grills and outdoor stoves Fuel for lighters Component for gasoline Ripening agent in fruit Fuel for wielding torches ```

Functionalized hydrocarbons The term functional group derives from the functionality or chemical character that a specific atom or group of atoms imparts to an organic compound ( how the atom behaves) Look up what this means

A group of organic compounds with the same functional group forms a family