Chapter 3 Flashcards by Claudette Breault

THE ORBIT AND THE EYE - INTRO

The eye is directly connected to the central nervous system via the ____ nerve (CN __)

It is situated in the bony socket, the ____

In addition to the optic nerve, it is also dependant on cranial nerves __, __, and ___

The orbit also contains the _______ _____

Optic
II

Orbit

III
IV
VI

Lacrimal Apparatus

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THE ORBIT

It is _____ shape, with the tip of the pyramid being behind the ____

It therefore, has a _____, a _____ wall, a _____ wall and a ____

The apex is approximately at the junction of the ____ and _____ orbital ______

The orbit also has upper, lower, medial and a lateral borders forming the _____ of the pyramid

Pyramidal
Eyeball

Roof
Medial
Lateral
Floor

Superior
Inferior
Fissures

Base

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ORBIT

BORDERS

Upper - the ___ bone

Medial - formed from the ____ bone, the frontal process of the ____ and the ____ bone

Lower - consisting of the maxilla and ______ bones, also known as the _______ margin

Lateral - formed the frontal process of _____ bone and the zygomatic _____ of frontal bone

Frontal

Frontal
Maxilla
Lacrimal

Zygomatic
Infraorbital

Zygomatic
Process

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ORBIT

FEATURES

Roof - a part of the frontal bone’s _____ ____

Floor - made of the ____ and _____ bones

Lateral Wall - consisting of the zygomatic bone and the _____ ____ of _____ bone

Medial Wall - the ____ process of the maxilla and the lacrimal and _____ bones

Superior and Inferior ______ _____

____ Canal

Superior and Inferior _____ ____

Orbital Plate

Maxilla
Zygomatic

Greater Wing
Sphenoid

Frontal
Ethmoid

Orbital Fissures

Optic

Orbital Foramen

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THE EYE

The organ of sight is roughly spherical with its sensory component, the _____, situated at the back of the eye connected directly to the ____ ___

There are 3 layers of tissue in the eye and there are 2 cavities, which are separated by the _____

The lens acts as a refracting prism focusing the light rays onto the ____

Retina
Optic Nerve

Lens

Retina

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THE EYE

LAYERS

Outer Layer - Cornea-Sclera

The anterior part of this layer is the transparent _____ which has a smaller radius than the rest of the eye

It serves to help focus _____ light rays. The rest of the eye is enveloped in the opaque ____

_______________

MIDDLE LAYER-Choroid

This layer contains the blood supply and its anterior border is the circular opening, the _____

Peripheral to the pupil is the coloured ____

The muscles controlling the ____ and ___ are also part of the choroid layer

_______________

DEEP LAYER-The Retina

This final layer forms an incomplete _____ and is made of the nerve cells connected to the ____ nerve

The retina is organized posteriorly into 10 layers that contain the light sensitive cells, the ____ and ____

Its most sensitive area, the ____ _____, is directly in line with the center of the cornea and lens

There is a pit, the optic ____, where the nerve cells leave to join the optic nerve

Cornea

Penetrating
Sclera

___________

Pupil

Iris

Lens
Pupil

____________

Sphere
Optic

Rods
Cones

Fovea Centralis

Disc

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THE EYE

CHAMBERS

ANTERIOR CHAMBER

This diameter contains a liquid, the ______ ____, and the pupil

POSTERIOR CHAMBER

It is posterior to the _____, also contains aqueous humor, and surrounds the ____

VITREOUS BODY

This is behind the ____ forming the majority of the organ; it is filled with the gelatinous ______ ____

Aqueous Humor

Iris
Lens

Lens
Vitreous Humor

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THE EYE

INTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

The _____ muscles control the thickness of the lens via the ________ ligaments and hence its refractory power

The dilator and sphincter pupillae muscles control the ______ of _____ _____ the pupil

The ciliary muscles and sphincter pupillae are under _________ nervous control by cranial nerve ____ via the ciliary ______, while the dilator pupillae is under ______ nervous control

Ciliary
Suspensory

Amount
Light Entering

Parasympathetic
III
Ganglion
Sympathetic

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THE EYE EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES

There are 6 extraocular muscles that control eye _____

In addition there is the _____ ____ ____ muscle to the upper eye lid

Most of these muscles originate from a fibrous ring around the _____ ____

______________

A) THE RECTAE

There are 4 rectus muscles distributed equally around the eye.

They are the ____, ______, ____ and _____ ______

They all arise from the ____ ____

_______________

B) THE OBLIQUES

The superior oblique muscle is peculiar, it originates from the _____ _____ and runs through the _____ and goes to the back of the ____ ____ of the eye ball

The inferior oblique originates near the _____ of the _____ of the ____ and runs under the eye to insert on its _____ ______

Movement

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

Optic Nerve

______________

Superior
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
Recti

Fibrous Ring

______________

Fibrous Ring
Pulley
Lateral Part

Middle
Floor
Orbit
Lateral Underside

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MOVEMENT OF THE EYEBALL BY MUSCLE

Superior Rectus - ______

Inferior Rectus - _____

Medial Rectus - ______

Lateral Rectus - ______

Superior Oblique - _____ and _____

Inferior Oblique - _______ and _____

Elevation

Depression

In(adduction)

Out(abduction)

Abduction
Depression

Abduction
Elevation

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EYE INNERVATION

The somatic innervation from the oculomotor nerve (CN III) supplies all the _____ muscles except the _____ ____ and _____ _____

These muscles are are supplied by CN __ and CN __, respectively (Remember LR6SO4)

The autonomic innervation to this organ consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic components

The sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord at ___, travels up the sympathetic trunk and synapse in the _____ ____ ganglion

The postganglionic fibres then travel with the _____ ____ artery to eventually reach their target muscles. Interruption in this pathway leads to ____ (drooping of eyelid) and permanently ______ pupil

_____________

the parasympathetic pathways innervate the ____ ____ and the _____ ____ of the eye

Preganglionic nerve fibres from the facial nerve (CN ___) synapse in the ______ ______ and travel to the ____ ____

Activation of this pathway leads to contraction of the _____ ____ of the lacrimal gland producing ____

The oculomotor nerve (CN __) sends preganglionic fibres to the ciliary ganglion, which is direclty posterior to the ____

A subset of postganglionic axons then travel to the sphincter pupilla, while the remaining travel to the ____ ___ of the lens

Orbital
Lateral Rectus
Superior Oblique

VI
IV

T1
Superior Cervical

Internal Carotid
Ptosis
Constricted

___________

Lacrimal Gland
Interior Surface

Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Lacrimal Gland

Smooth Muscle
Tears

III
Eyeball
Ciliary Muscle

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EYE

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

The inside of the eyelids is covered by a continuous membrane, the ______, which blends into the ___

The eyelids have a thick fascial core, the _____ ____ and of course, an opening, the ______ _____

_______________

The lacrimal glands are situated at the _____, ____ ____, their ducts entering the ______ sacs

The tears migrate medially into the _____ ___ via the _____ _____

Conjunctiva
Cornea

Tarsal Plates
Palpebral Fissure

__________

Upper
Outer
Orbit
Conjunctival

Lacrimal Duct
Lacrimal Punctum

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PHARYNX

It is a muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the ______ bone in front of the cervical vertebrae

It is continous inferiorly with the _____

It consists of 3 layers: the ______ _____, the _____ ____ tissue and the _____ ____ layer

It communicates anteriorly with the _____ cavity, ____ and ____

Can thus be divided into 3 coressponding regions

Occipital

Esophagus

Inner Mucosa
Middle Fibrous
Outer Muscular

Nasal
Mouth
Larynx

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PHARYNX

NASOPHARYNX

It is about __ cm long and opens anteriorly into the ___ ___ via the ____

It communicates with the ____ ear by means of the _____ (or Eustachian) tube, whose opening is on the side wall of the _____

5
Nasal Cavity
Choanae

Middle
Tympanic
Pharynx

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PHARYNX

OROPHARYNX

This area extends from the ____ ___ down to the ____ bone

It is connected to the ____ through the ____; this is the arch connecting the mouth to the ____

Soft Palate
Hyoid

Mouth
Fauces
Pharynx

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PHARYNX

LARYNGOPHARYNX

This extends from the ____ bone to the _____

The opening to the larynx is located in the wall of the _______ _______

This entrance is protected by the ______

Hyoid
Esophagus

Proximal Laryngopharynx

Epiglottis

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LYMPHOID TISSUE (TONSILS)

There are 3 sets of tonsils encircling the openings of the ____ and ____

They form the primary defense mechanism against infection at the entrance to the ___ ____

There are 3 types of tonsils

Mouth
Nose

GI Tract

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TONSILS

PHARYNGEAL TONSIL

Is a single entity and is located at the _____ ____ of the ____ of the _____

Posterior Wall
Top
Pharynx

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TONSILS

PALATINE TONSILS

These are paired and sit in a depression at the ____ of the ____, with one on ____ ___

They are ____ and have an upper and lower ___

They rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base

They are ____ _____ surgically

Base
Fauces
Each Side

Oval
Pole

Easily Removed

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TONSILS

LINGUAL TONSILS

Are small clusters of _____ ____ found on the ____ ____ of the tongue

Lymphoid Tissue

Posterior Part

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AUDITORY (EUSTACHIAN) TUBE

It connects the _______ to the ____ ____ and allows for infection to spread into the middle ear

The tube originates on the ____ ____ of the pharynx and terminates on the ____ ____ of the ____ ____

It is therefore part of the ______ temporal bone

Also, it is lined by _____ and its medial 2/3 are supported by _______

Nasopharynx
Middle Ear

Lateral Wall
Medial Wall
Middle Ear

Petrous

Mucosa
Cartilage

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MOUTH

It is divided into 2 parts by the teeth

VESTIBULE

This is located between the _____ and ____

It is lined by a _____ _____ and contains the opening of the ____ of the _____ ___ opposite the ______ ____ molar

__________

ORAL CAVITY - THE MOUTH PROPER

This cavity contains the ____

It has a ____ (the palates), a ____ (beneath the tongue) and 2 ____ (the teeth)

The roof is made up of the ____ and _____ _____

The hard palate is made up of the _____ ____ of the ____ and the 2 _____ ____

The musculofibrous soft palate is _____ to it and features the non-functional _____, hanging from its _____ ____

The floor of the mouth is lined with ____ and contains ____ to 2 of the _____ ____

Lips
Teeth

Mucous Membrane
Duct
Parotid Gland
Upper Second

_____________

Tongue

Roof
Floor
Walls

Hard
Soft Palates

Palatine Process
Maxilla
Palatine Bones

Posterior
Uvula
Posterior Border

Mucosa
Ducts
Salivary Glands

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MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

The tongue is a muscular organ with a specialized mucosa containing the ____ ____

The musculature may be divided into 2 groups

INTRINSIC MUSCLES

These make up the body of the _______

They consist of 3 groups of fibers: _____, _____ and ______

All 3 groups ______ with one another

They are responsible for altering the _____ of the tongue

Study These Flashcards

Taste Buds

Tongue

Vertical
Longitudinal
Transverse

Intertwine

Shape

EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TONGUE

There are 4 extrinsic muscles

GENIOGLOSSUS

This muscle ____ the tongue _____

It originates from the ______ ____ on the inside of the ____ and fans out to insert on the ____ of the ____

_______________

HYOGLOSSUS

It originates on the ___ bone

It is paired, with each individual muscle inserting on one side of the tongue.

It ______ the tongue _____

_______________

STYLOGLOSSUS

This muscle originates on the _____ ____ and inserts onto the side of the ______

It functions to ______ and ____ the tongue

___________________

PALATOGLOSSUS

It runs from the side of the ____ to enter the ____

It also _____ the tongue

Study These Flashcards

Pulls
Forward

Genial Tubercle
Mandible
Base
Tongue

______________

Hyoid

Depresses
Laterally

__________

Styloid Process
Tongue

Elevate
Retract

______________

Palate
Tongue

Elevates

SURFACE OF THE TONGUE It is covered with a unique mucosa which contains many ____ ____, the _____ Most of the papillae are concentrated on the ____ and the ___ of the tongue The underside is _____ and is _____ to the floor of the mouth by the ____-___ _____ ____ 2/3 back from the tip of the tongue is a V-shaped groove, the _____ ____ This separates the tongue into an _______ 2/3 and a ______ 1/3 This distinction is important in understanding the _____ _____

Specialized Processes Papillae Top Side Smoother Tethered Mid-Line Lingual Frenulum Sulcus Terminalis Anterior Posterior Organ's Innervation

INNERVATION OF THE TONGUE MOTOR - all the muscles are innervated by the _______ nerve (CN ___) except _______, which is innervated by the ____ (CN _) SENSORY - to the anterior 2/3 of tongue there is CN __ innervation for general sensation and CN __ innervation for ____ On the posterior 1/3 of tongue is CN __ relays both _____ _____ and ____

``` Hypoglossal XII Palatoglossus Vagus X ``` V3 VII Taste IX General Sensation Taste

THE SALIVARY GLANDS There are 3 pairs of salivary glands which secrete directly into the mouth to ____ and ____ food PAROTID GLAND This gland is located in ____ of the ____, for that is is what the word 'parotid' means Its ducts empties into the _____ ____ the ____ ____ ____ It secrets mostly a ____ _____ It is innervated by CN __

Moisten Digest Front Ear Mouth Opposite Upper Second Molar Serous Liquid IX

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND It rests around the ____ of the ____ Its duct runs forward ____ the ____ and its opening is close to the ____ of the _____ It secretes a mixed ____ and _____ ____ It is innervated by CN ___

Angle Jaw Under Tongue Base Frenulum Serous Mucous Fluid VII

SUBLINGUAL GLANDS These small glands sit on the ____ of ___ ___ of the ____, ____ to the duct of the ________ ____ The multiple ducts from this gland empty, by of a series of small openings, into the ____ of the ____ or they may ____ ___ the ______ ____ This gland is innervated by by CN ___ as well

``` Floor Each Side Mouth Lateral Submandibular Gland ``` Floor Mouth Open Into Submandibular ducts VII

TEETH Each half jaw contains: 2 ____, 1 ___, 2 ____ and 3 ___ The upper jaw and teeth are innervated by the _____ ____ component of the _____ nerve (CN __) The lower jaw and teeth are innervated by the _____ ____ component of the _____ nerve (CN __)

Incisors Canine Premolars Molars Maxillary Nerve Trigeminal V2 Mandibular Nerve Trigeminal V3

LARYNX INTRO It connects the ______ with the _____ It is thus part of the _____ It is protected ______ by the ______, which prevents food from entering the ____ by ____ the ____ It is situated ___ the _____ bone, has a cartilaginous skeleton and has the _____ ___ attached to it It is lined by ____ ____ and is the ____ of _____

Oropharynx Trachea Airway ``` Proximally Epiglottus Airway Covering Entrance ``` Below Hyoid Thyroid Gland Mucous Membrane Organ Phonation

LARYNX SKELETON It has external and internal skeleton EXTERNAL SKELETON i) THYROID CARTILAGE This is the ______ cartilage It is shaped like a ____ and made of _____ ____ The shield has an ____ ____ where the 2 sides meet forming the ____ ____ Each side of the thyroid cartilage has a prominent _____ and ____ ____ The ____ ___ articulates with the ____ bone and the _____ ____ with the ____ cartilage __________ ii) CRICOID CARTILAGE This cartilage is shaped like a ____ ___ and is ____ ____ Between the ____ and ____ _____ anteriorly is the strong _______ ligament

Largest Shield Hyaline Cartilage Anterior Prominence Adam's Apple Superior Inferior Horn Superior Horn Hyoid Inferior Horn Cricoid ____________ Signet Ring Wide Posteriorly Thyroid Cricoid Structures Cricothyroid

LARYNX INTERNAL SKELETON i) ARYTENOIDS These paired, _____ structures articulate with the ____ of the _____ cartilage They are controlled by muscles that cause them to ____ ____ Their _____ ____ are called the _____ _____ The vocal cords attach to the ____ ___ Postero-laterally, we find a _____ _____ _____________ ii) EPIGLOTTAL CARTILAGE The cartilage is of the ____ type It is roughly _____-shaped and is attached to the ____ of the ___ of the ____ cartilage The epiglottis is lined with ______ _____ on its _____ When swallowing, the ____ ____ ____ and the epiglottis ____ to close off the _____ ____

Pyramidal Back Cricoid Rotate Horizontally Anterior Processes Vocal Processes Vocal Processes Muscular Process ____________ Elastic Racket Inside Front Thyroid Respiratory Epithelium Underside Thyroid Cartilage Raises Drops Laryngeal Opening

LARYNX MEMBRANES A) QUADRANGULAR MEMBRANE This is the _____ membrane, _____ attached to the _____ of the ______ and the _____ and _____ attached to the _____ It has a lower free border, known as the _____ ____ ____ _______________ B) TRIANGULAR MEMBRANE This is the ____ membrane, also called the _____ ____ Its lower border is attached to the ____ ____ Its upper border is free, forming the ____ ____ It is also ligamentous and attaches to the _____ ___ and to the ____ of the _____ ____ It is also called the ________ ______

``` Upper Anteriorly Sides Epiglottis Thyroid Posteriorly Arytenoids ``` False Vocal Cords _____________ Lower Conus Elasticus Cricoid Cartilage Vocal Cords Vocal Processes Inside Thyroid Cartilage Cricothyroid Ligament

LARYNX RIMA GLOTTIDIS It is the _____ between the ____ ____ The muscles acting on the _____, ____ and ____ ___ change both the _____ of the ______ and the ____ on the ____ ___

Aperture Vocal Folds ``` Arytenoid Cricoid Thyroid Cartilage Width Opening Tension Vocal Cords ```

LARYNX MUSCLES There are many muscles controlling the larynx, the largest is the ______

Cricothyroid

LARYNX NERVES MOTOR INNERVATION The _____ ____ nerves, which branches from the ____ nerve innervate all muscles except the ______, which is served by the ______ ____ nerve, which is also a branch of the ____ SENSORY INNERVATION Above the vocal cords sensory information is carried by the _____ ____ nerves, while below, it is carried by the _____ ____ nerves

``` Recurrent Laryngeal Vagus Cricothyroid External Laryngeal Vagus ``` Superior Laryngeal Recurrent Laryngeal

TEMPORALMANDIBULAR JOINT MOVEMENTS This joint allows for ____ and ____ of the ____ and limited ___ to ____ movement It is a ______ joint with a ___ to facilitate ____ ____ ____________ BONES The ______ (the head) of the jaw articulates with the ________ ____ in the ____ of the _____ ____ The back of the ____ is ____, but _______ the joint surface is _____, so that as the jaw moves forward there is some ______ ______

``` Opening Closing Mouth Side Side ``` Synovial Disc Complex Movement _______________ Condyle Mandibular Fossa Base Temporal Bone ``` Socket Concave Anteriorly Convex Physiological Dislocation ```

MUSCLES OF THE NECK The neck is divided into the _____ and ______ triangles by the ________ ____ This muscle originates on the _____ and the ____ ___ of the ____ It runs up and back to insert on the ______ _____ of the _____ bone It turns the head to the _____ ____ and is innervated by the ______ ______ nerve (CN __) __________________ In the posterior triangle we find the 3 _______ _____, which are labeled as the _____, ____ and _____ divisions All of these muscles arise from the ______ ____ of the _____ to _____ cervical vertebrae The anterior division inserts on the ____ ____ of the ____ ___ ______________ The middle division inserts behind it and the ______ ____ passes between the 2 ______ The posterior division inserts onto the ____ ____ Together they ____ the _____ ___ as secondary muscles of ______ and they are innervated by small twigs from the cervical nerves

Anterior Posterior Sternomastoid Muscle Manubrium Medial End Clavicle Mastoid Process Temporal Opposite Side Spinal Accessory XI __________ ``` Scalene Muscles Anterior Middle Posterior Divisions ``` Transverse Processes Middle Lower Scalene Tubercle First Rib ___________ Subclavian Artery Insertions Second Rib Raise Thoracic Cage Respiration

MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH A) MUSCLES OF THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH MYLOHYOID This muscle makes up the ____ of the mouth It originates on the _____ of the ____ and inserts on the ____ bone and upon its opposite partner by means of a _____ It ______ the hyoid bone and is innervated by the ______ nerve (CN _) _________________ DIGASTRIC It has 2 _____, an ______ and a ____ belly The central tendon goes through a ______ ___ situated on the top of the ____ The posterior belly runs down from the _____ ____ and the anterior belly runs up to the side of the _____ ____ It helps ____ the ____ and _____ the ____ The anterior belly is innervated by the ______ nerve and the posterior belly by the _____ nerve _______________ STYLOHYOID It originates from the _____ ___ and inserts on the ____ of the ____ bone It _____ the bone and is supplied by the ______ nerve (CN __)

Floor Inside Mandible Hyoid Raphe Elevates Mandibular V _______________ Bellies Anterior Posterior Tendinous Loop Hyoid Mastoid Process Genial Tubercle Depress Mouth Elevates Hyoid Mandibular Facial _____________ Styloid Process Body Hyoid Elevates Facial VII

MUSCLES OF THE MOUTH B) MUSCLES OF MASTICATION TEMPORALIS This is a large fan-shaped muscle occupying the _____ ____ Its fibers pass through the _____ ____ and insert on the ____ ____ of the _____ Its function is to ____ the mouth and it is innervated by the _______ nerve (CN __), as are all other muscles of mastication __________ MASSETER It originates on the _____ ___ and inserts onto the _____ of the angle of ______ Like temporalis, it is relatively _____ _________ MEDIAL PTERYGOID Originates from the _____ of the _____ _____ _____ It attaches ____ to the angle of the jaw It ____ the mouth as well LATERAL PTERYGOID It arises from the ____ ___ and _____ ___ ___ plate of the sphenoid bone It passes straight back and inserts on the ____ of the _____ ____ When contracted, it causes ______ of the jaw

Temporal Fossa Zygomatic Arch Coronoid Process Mandible Close Mandibular V3 __________ Zygomatic Arch Outside Mandible Powerful __________ Inside Lateral Pterygoid Plate Deep Closes Greater Wing Outer Lateral Pterygoid Neck Mandibular Condyle Protrusion

MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX These are the _____ ____, divided into _____, ____ and ____ sections They overlap one another and attach ______ by way of the pharyngeal raphe The superior constrictor originates from the _____ _____ ____ and the pterygomandibular raphe, which is also the origin of the ________ The middle constrictor comes from the ______ ligament and the ____ ____ The inferior constrictor originates from the _____ and _____ cartilages The nerve supply to all the constrictors is the ____ nerve (CN _)

Pharyngeal Constrictors Upper Middle Lower Posteriorly Medial Pterygoid Plate Buccinator Stylohyoid Hyoid Bone Thyroid Cricoid Vagus X

MUSCLES OF THE FACE There are many muscles for the various regions of the face, all innervated by the _____ nerve Only 3 of these muscles will be described as they are the most important A) ORBICULARIS ORIS This ______ muscle orbits the mouth. Its function is to _____ the ____ B) ORBICULARIS OCCULI This muscle surrounds the orbit. It ____ the ____ when contracted C) BUCCINATOR This is the _____ muscle of the cheek It originates from the _______ ____ and the _____ and it inserts onto the ____ of the ____ It helps the muscles of _____ by moving the food around in the mouth

Facial Circular Protrude Lips Closes Eyes Principle Pterygomandibular Raphe Mandible Corner Mouth Mastication

MUSCLES OF THE SCALP The frontalis and occipitalis muscles insert into the ______-____ ______, a thick layer of fascia crossing the head The frontalis originates from the ____ and the occipitalis from the ____ ___ Both muscles are innervated by the _____ nerve (CN __) The layers of the scalp, spell 'scalp' ``` SKIN CONNECTIVE TISUE APONEUROSIS LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE PERIOSTEM ```

Fronto-Occipital Aponeurosis Eyebrows Occipital Bone Facial VII

NOSE INTRO Organ of ____ and forms the ____ ____ of the airway It also serves to ___ the air entering the pulmonary system Nose has 2 parts, external and internal ____________ EXTERNAL NOSE The skeleton is made up of ____ ____ bones and 2 sets of ______ _____ The septal cartilage forms the ______ ____ of the _____ It unites _____ with the _____ ___ The septal cartilage has 2 _____ ____ which attach to the nasal bones on the ____ of the nose Distal to lateral plates are the 2 _____ _____ The rest of the structure of the nostril is _____ ____

Smell Upper Portion Warm ____________ Paired Nasal Hyaline Cartilages Interior Part Septum Posteriorly Bony Septum Lateral Plates Outside Alar Cartilages Fibroareolar Tissue

INTERNAL NOSE The skeleton of the internal nose links the external nose to the ____, which themselves connect with the _____ Most of the internal nose is made up of the _____, ____, _____ and ____ bones The nasal septum comprises the _____ ____, the _____ ___ of the ethmoid bone and the ____ The roof is made of the _____ _____ and the underside of the body of the ____ bone _______________ The lateral walls comprise a series of _____, a ____ and 3 ___ The 3 Conchae are the ____, ____ and _____ conchae The upper 2 are part of the _____ bone and the ______ _____ are individual bones Above the superior conchae is the _____-_____ ___ which contains the _____ ____ in its roof Below the 3 Conchae are the ____, ____ and _____ _____ The air sinuses drain into the ____ and the ____ and the ______ ____ drain into the inferior meatus

Choanae Nasopharynx Ethmoid Vomer Sphenoid Palatine Septal Cartilage Vertical Plate Vomer Cribriform Plate Sphenoid _____________ Conchae Recess Meatuses Ethmoid Inferior Conchae Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess Olfactory Mucosa Superior Middle Inferior Meatuses Recess Meatuses Nasolacrimal Duct

THE PARANASAL AIR SINUSES These are lined spaces inside the ____, _____, _____ and ____ bones They have ducts which empty into the ____ ____ ______________ MAXILLARY SINUS This is a large space in the maxilla making it essentially a ____ ____ The duct drains into the ____ ____ Its opening, the _____ is high on the ___ ____ __________________ ETHMOID SINUSES These are a series of small air-lined pockets in the _____ ____ of the _____ ____ They are easily easily seen in the ___ ___ of the ___ The anterior group drains into the ____ ___ and the posterior group drains into the ____ ____ _____________ FRONTAL SINUSES these large spaces are found above the margin of the orbit and their long ducts drain into the ____ ____ SPHENOIDAL SINUSES These are 2 spaces in the body of the sphenoid bone, one on each side. They drain into the ____-____ ____

Frontal Maxillary Ethmoid Sphenoid Nasal Cavity ________________ Hollow Bone Middle Meatus Ostium Medial Wall ____________ Lateral Wall Ethmoid Bone Medial Wall Orbit Middle Meatus Superior Meatus ___________ Middle Meatus Spheno-Ethmoidal Recess

THE EAR May be divided into the external, middle and internal ear EXTERNAL EAR It leads, by way of the _____ ____ _____, from the ____ to the ____ ____ The auricle is made up of ____ _____ The ____ 1/3 of the canal is ______ and the medial 2/3 are ____ The outer part has hair, ______ ____ and ____ ___ The distal end of the canal is blocked by the _____ ____ ____ known commonly as the ear drum

External Acoustic Canal Auricle Tympanic membrane Elastic Cartilage Lateral Cartilaginous Bony Sebaceous Glands Ceruminous Glands Bilaminar Tympanic Membrane

MIDDLE EAR Is a ____ in the ____ bone It contains the ____, the ____ to the ____ ____, a connection with the mastoid air cells and the ____ and ____ _____ OSSICLES The ____, ____ and ____ bones connect the tympanic membrane, via _____ ____, to the oval window and its membrane, and thus ____ ___ ___ from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Chamber Temporal ``` Ossicles Entrance Auditory Tube Round Oval Windows ``` ``` Malleus Incus Stapes Synovial Joints Transmit Sound Waves ```

INTERNAL EAR Is hollowed from the bone, forming what is known as a ____ _____ It contains a series of membranous sacs, the _______ _____ A fluid, the _____ fills the membranous labyrinth while another fluid, the _____ surrounds that and fills the bony labyrinth The sense organ of hearing, the ____, fills part of the inner ear, while the organs of balance, the ______ _____, fill the remainder of the space, sound waves emanate from the end of the ____, travel up to the cochlea and back to the round window The vestibular and cochlear components of CN ___ travel to the brain via the ____ ____ ____

Bony Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Endolymph Perilymph Hearing Vestibular Apparatus Stapes VIII Internal Acoustic Meatus

VASCULATURE OF THE HEAD AND NECK ARTERIAL SUPPLY A) CAROTID ARTERIES The ____ ____ ____ ascends in the neck in the _____ ____ along with the internal jugular vein and ____ nerve The common carotid bifurcates into the ____ and _____ _____ arteries The bifurcation is at the same level as the top of the _____ _____ ____________ i) EXTERNAL CAROTID This artery supplies the ___ and ____ ``` Its branches are: _______ ______ _____ ____ _____ ______ ______ _____ _____ ______ ``` ii) INTERNAL CAROTID This vessel enters the skull through the ____ ___ and makes several sharp turns, known as the _____ ____, before supplying the ____ The carotid siphon sits on either side of the _____ ___ and its distal end runs through the _____ _____

Common Carotid Artery Carotid Sheath Vagus Internal External Carotid Thyroid Cartilage ____________ Face Neck ``` Superior Thyroid Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior Auricular Maxillary Superficial Temporal ``` Carotid Canal Carotid Siphon Brain Pituitary Gland Cavernous Sinus

VASCULATURE OF THE HEAD AND NECK ARTERIAL SUPPLY b) VERTEBRAL ARTERIES The paired vertebral arteries run up the _____ ____ in the _____ ____ and enters the skull via the foramen magnum They give off branches in the ___

Transverse Foramina Cervical Vertebrae Neck

VENOUS DRAINAGE A) FROM THE BRAIN The drainage of blood and CSF from the brain is done mainly by the _____ ____ ____ The all eventually drain into the _____ _____ ____ as it leaves the jugular foramen The sinuses are the: ____ ____ ___ ____ ____ AND ____ ______ _____ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____ ____ AND _____ _____ _____ The superior sagittal meets the straight sinus in the confluence at the ____ of the ____ bone The transverse sinuses take the blood and CSF _____ to the ____ ____ which empty into the internal jugular veins The cavernous sinus empties into the ____ and ____ petrosal sinuses The inferior petrosal sinus goes directly into the _____ and the superior drains into the proximal ____ sinus

Dural Venous Sinuses Internal Jugular Vein ``` Superior Sagittal Sinus Inferior Sagittal AND Straight Sinuses Transverse Sinus Sigmoid Sinus Cavernous Sinus Superior AND Inferior Petrosal Sinuses ``` Center Occipital Laterally Sigmoid Sinuses Superior Inferior Jugular Sigmoid

VENOUS DRAINAGE B) FROM THE FACE The veins from the face form a 'W'. The _______ ___ bifurcates to drain into the internal and external ____ ____ The facial vein empties into the ______ _____ ____ _____ ____ ___ drains into the external jugular vein

Retromandibular Vein Jugular Veins Internal Jugular Vein Posterior Auricular Vein

INNERVATION OF THE HEAD AND NECK SENSORY INNERVATION The 3 sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve all receive information from the ____ The _____ ____ (CN V1) is sensory to the ____, the _____ branch (CN V2) supplies the ____, ___ and ____, the ______ branch (CN V3) serves the ____ of the jaw and lateral cheek The anterior cheek and the area posterior to the ear are innervated by C__-__ and the side and back of the head are innervated by branches from C__-___ MOTOR INNERVATION The muscles of the face are innervated by the ______ nerve (CN VII) It sends out a series of branches from the area of the ____ ____

Face ``` Opthalmic Branch Forehead Maxillary Nose Cheek Temple Mandibular Skin ``` 2 3 2 5 Facial Parotid Gland

Chapter 3 Flashcards

(55 cards)