Chapter 3

Question 1

____________________
-the lipid-bilateral envelope that enclose cell. Called the Sacolemma in muscle cells.

Is a semipermeable barrier that separates the cell from the extra cellular environment.

Answer 1

CELL MEMBRANE

Question 2

__________________

• membrane-bound organelle containing most of the cell’s DNA.
• round body within the cell that contains the cellular genetic components (genes).

Answer 2

NUCLEUS

Question 3

_____________________

-Branch of biochemistry involved with the study of gene structure and function.

Answer 3

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Question 4

__________________

• the contents of the cell surrounding the nucleus.
• called sarcoplasm in muscle cells.

Answer 4

CYTOPLASM

Question 5

_________________________
-the subcellular organelle responsible for the production of ATP with oxygen; contains the enzymes for the Karen’s cycle, electron transport chain, and the fatty acid cycle.

Answer 5

MITOCHONDRION

Question 6

_________________________

-Energy-requiring reactions

Answer 6

EXERGONIC REACTIONS

Question 7

____________________

-the linking of energy-liberating chemical reactions to “drive” energy-requiring reactions.

Answer 7

COUPLED REACTIONS

Question 8

___________________

-removal of electrons from an element of molecule.

Answer 8

OXIDATION

Question 9

___________________

-gain of electrons.

Answer 9

REDUCTION

Question 10

______________________
-coenzyme that transfers hydrogen and the energy associated with those hydrogens; in the Karen’s cycle, NAD transfer energy from substrates to the electron transport chain.

Answer 10

NICOTINAMIDE
ADENINE
DINUCLEOTIDE (NAD)

Question 11

_____________________

-serves as an electron carrier in bioenergetics

Answer 11

FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE

Question 12

_____________________
-proteins that lower the energ of activation and, therefore, catalyze chemical reactions. Regulates the rate of most metabolic pathways

Answer 12

ENZYMES

Question 13

_______________________
-energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. The term activation energy is sometimes referred to the energy of activation

Answer 13

ACTIVATION ENERGY

Question 14

____________________

-a simple sugar that is transport via the blood and metabolized by tissues.

Answer 14

GLUCOSE

Question 15

_____________________

-are simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.

Answer 15

MONOSACCHARIDES

Question 16

Some molecules can act as both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent TorF?

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

_____________ are proteins that play a major role in the regulation of metabolic pathways in the cell.

Answer 17

Enzymes

Question 18

During chemical reactions, enzymes work as catalysts by_________________________________________________.

Answer 18

Lowering the activation energy.

Question 19

_______________- the process takes place once the correct substrate binds to an enzymes active site.

Answer 19

Enzyme-substrate complex.

Question 20

On what basis did the international committee develop a system to classify various types of enzymes?

Answer 20

The types of chemical reactions they catalyze.

Question 21

The activity of an enzyme is measured by the _____.

Answer 21

Rate at which its substrates are converted into products.

Question 22

What happens. When there is an increase in the acidity of body fluids?

Answer 22

It results in a decrease in the ability to provide ATP for muscular contraction.

Question 23

Humans lack the enzymes necessary to digest __________, and thus it is discarded as waste in the fecal material.

Answer 23

Cellulose

Question 24

___________ are the primary type of fat used by muscle cells for energy.

Answer 24

Fatty acids

Question 25

The process of breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol is termed____________.

Answer 25

Lipolysis

Question 26

Proteins are composed of tiny subunits called______________.

Answer 26

Amino acids

Question 27

TorF: 1 gram of carbs yields approximately 9 kcal of energy.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The energy required to initiate chemical reactions is called the ______________________________

Answer 28

Activation energy.

Question 29

Identify an important factor that alters enzyme activity. - viscosity - temp. - density - humidity

Answer 29

Temperature

Question 30

Accumulation of large quantities of hydrogen ions results in a(n)___________ of bodily fluids.

Answer 30

Decrease in the pH.

Question 31

During the formation of a glycogen molecule, individual glucose molecules are linked using the action of the enzyme _________________.

Answer 31

Glycogen synthase

Question 32

Fatty acids consist of long chains atoms linked to a ___________ group at one end.

Answer 32

Carboxyl

Question 33

Identify the major components that make up an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule

Answer 33

- An adenine portion - a ribose portion - three linked phosphate

Question 34

Rank various elements that make up the human body based on the percentage to which they contribute to the synthesis of bio molecules> - hydrogen - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen

Answer 34

1. Oxygen 2. carbon 3. hydrogen 4. nitrogen

Question 35

What is the characteristic of the cells of the skeletal muscle fibers.

Answer 35

They have multiple nuclei.

Question 36

The organelle within the cytoplasm that is involved in the oxidative conversion of foodstuffs into usable cellular energy is the_____________________.

Answer 36

Mitochondrion

Question 37

Identify the terms used to describe the pathway responsible for the process of oxidative phosphorylation.

Answer 37

The respiratory chain | The cytochrome chain

Question 38

The aerobic production of _______, referred to as oxidative phosphorylation, occurs in the mitochondria.

Answer 38

ATP

Question 39

What are the stages involved in oxidative phosphorylation 1st to last.

Answer 39

1 the formation of Acetyl-CoA 2. The oxidation of Acetyl- CoA 3. The formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 40

Identify the metabolic pathway that are involved in the erotic production of ATP

Answer 40

- the electron transport chain | - the citric acid cycle

Question 41

Fatty acids undergo a series of actions to form acetyl-CoA. The process is known as _______________

Answer 41

Beta oxidation

Question 42

When exercise begins,_______levels rise and end enhance phosphofrucktokinase(PFK) activity, which serves to increase the rate of glycolysis.

Answer 42

ADP+Pi

Question 43

The rise in sacroplasmic ______ indirectly activates phosphorylase, which immediately begins to break down glycogen to glucose for entry into gylcolysis.

Answer 43

Calcium